[System] Extract the following details from the provided HTML source code. Return only a valid JSON object. Do not include any other text.

[User]
{"html":"\n\t\t <picture>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</picture> \n\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tJoshua\n\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\tGentner\n\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t Partner \n\n\t

Chicago

New York

T. 212-907-9778

F. 212-907-9878

jgentner@sgrlaw.com
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Legal Assistant: David Foody | 212-907-9702

Leading Aviation and Transportation Finance Lawyer for Complex Cross-Border Transactions
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\u201cI focus on helping clients execute complex transactions with clarity, predictability, practicality, and a bit of humor.\u201d
 \n\n\t\t\t<picture>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</picture>\n\n\t\t\t\t\tJoshua\n\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\tGentner\n\n\t\t\t\t jgentner@sgrlaw.com \n\t\t\t\t 212-907-9778 \n\n
About Josh

Joshua D. Gentner is a leading aviation and transportation finance and leasing lawyer who advises financial institutions, lessors, airlines, trustees, and investors on complex, cross-border transactions involving high-value mobile assets.
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Clients rely on Josh for his ability to structure and execute sophisticated financings across jurisdictions, navigate bankruptcy risk, and deliver practical, commercially focused solutions on tight timelines. His practice spans aircraft and rail financings, leasing and leasing platforms, export credit agency-supported transactions, securitizations (including EETCs, ABSs and other capital markets structures), and large portfolio purchases and financings.
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Josh represents airlines, lenders, lessors, trustees, the US export credit agency, and the Export-Import Bank of the United States in transactions involving aircraft, rolling stock, locomotives, vessels, and other equipment. He is particularly experienced in cross-border leasing and structured financings, where he coordinates multi-jurisdictional teams and aligns complex financing structures with evolving legal regimes. Josh has served as counsel on multiple transactions that have been recognized as \u201cDeal of the Year\u201d from industry publications.
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In addition to transactional work, Josh regularly advises clients on restructurings, workouts, and bankruptcy proceedings, representing creditors and airlines in high-stakes U.S. and international insolvency matters.
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Outside of his practice, Josh enjoys travel, skiing, hiking, and spending quality time with his family - bringing the same discipline and curiosity to his personal pursuits as he does to his client work.
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Josh's Practice
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Global Transport
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Banking / Financial Institutions
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Rail Law
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Securities
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Special Assets
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<button>Representative Matters</button>

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Represented Aviation Capital Group in connection with a $500M delayed draw credit facility to finance operating leases.
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Advised on export credit agency-supported financings, including representation of the Export-Import Bank of the United States and Private Export Funding Corporation, including first secured EXIM backed PDP financing.
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Represented UMB Bank, N.A. as Trustee, Security Trustee and Operating Bank in several ABS transactions, including transactions for Castlelake, BBAM, and Perseus for over $1B of aviation assets.
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Advised Private Export Funding Corporation in connection with its first warehouse facility to fund aviation finance transactions backed by Aircraft Non-Payment Insurance policies.
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Represented United Airlines and US Airways in their Chapter 11 proceedings and advised US EXIM on the bankruptcy and restructurings of LATAM and Norwegian Air Shuttle (NAS).
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Advised passenger railroad on a $300M revolving credit facility to assist with short-term liquidity and issuance of $500M of unsecured notes.
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Represented Southwest Airlines on the sale/leaseback of 36 aircraft for over $895M.
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 \n\t\t\t\t\tRecognitionsCredentialsThought LeadershipSGR News & Perspectives \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Recognitions
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Chambers USA, Transportation: Aviation: Finance, Nationwide (2010-2026); Banking & Finance: Equipment Financing & Leasing, Nationwide (2013)
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Euromoney, Best of the Best \u2013 USA (2016)
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Euromoney, Expert Guide \u2013 Aviation
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International Advisory Experts Award, Transport Law in New York (2020)
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Leading Lawyer, Corporate Finance
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Legal 500, United States, Finance \u2013 Asset Finance and Leasing (2016-2017)
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Legal Media Group, Guide to the World\u2019s Leading Aviation Lawyers
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The International Who\u2019s Who of Aviation Lawyers
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Credentials
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Education

J.D., Northwestern University
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B.A., Indiana University

Admissions

Colorado
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Utah

Languages
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French
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Thought Leadership
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Panelist, \u201cUse of Charitable Orphan Trust Structures to Achieve Remoteness\u201d 2014 ABA Aircraft Financing Subcommittee Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, September 2014
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Moderator, \u201cWhere is the ECA market going?\u201d 16th Annual Global Airfinance Conference, Dublin, Ireland, January 2014
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Author, US Ex-Im Bank\u2019s response to the financial crisis, published by Aircraft Finance Guide, November 2011
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Panelist, \u201cThe US Ex-Im Bank Capital Markets Transactions,\u201d 2010 ABA Aircraft Financing Subcommittee Spring Meeting, Denver, Colorado, April 2010
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SGR News & Perspectives
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 Press Release Smith, Gambrell & Russell, LLP\u2019s Global Transport Group Receives Increased Nationwide Ranking in Chambers USA 2025 Guide
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 Press Release 42 Smith, Gambrell & Russell, LLP Attorneys and 20 Practice Areas Recognized by Chambers USA 2025
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 Press Release Smith Gambrell Russell Global Transport Practice Partners Named to Lexology Index (formerly Who\u2019s Who Legal): Transport 2024
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 Press Release SGR\u2019s Global Transport Group Receives Nationwide Ranking in Chambers USA 2024 Guide
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 Press Release 42 SGR Attorneys and 19 SGR Practice Areas Recognized by Chambers USA 2024
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 Press Release Chambers USA Guide 2023 Recognizes 44 SGR Attorneys and 18 SGR Practice Areas Among the Best in the Country
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 Press Release Chambers USA Guide 2022 Recognizes 32 SGR Attorneys and 11 SGR Practice Areas Among the Best in the Country
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 Press Release Smith Gambrell Russell Client Transactions Awarded as Airline Economics 2022 Aviation 100 Deals of the Year
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 Press Release Smith Gambrell Russell Client Transactions Awarded as Airfinance Journal Deals of the Year for 2021
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 Press Release Smith, Gambrell & Russell Global Transport Practice Partners Named to Who\u2019s Who Legal: Transport 2021
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 Press Release Smith, Gambrell & Russell Client Transactions Awarded as Airfinance Journal Deals of the Year for 2020
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 Press Release Chambers USA Guide 2021 Recognizes SGR Attorneys and Practice Areas Among the Best
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 Press Release Chambers USA Guide 2020 Recognizes 14 SGR Attorneys and 8 SGR Practice Areas Among the Best in the Country
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 Press Release Chambers USA Guide 2019 Recognizes 13 SGR Attorneys and 6 SGR Practice Areas Among the Best in the Country
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 Press Release Smith, Gambrell & Russell Represents Aviation Capital Group in First Financing Utilizing its Aircraft Financing Solutions Program
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 Press Release Chambers USA 2018 Recognizes SGR Attorneys and Practice Areas Among Best in the Country
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<button>View MoreView Less</button>\n","instructions":["'first_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s first name.',\r\n'middle_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s middle name or middle initial, as it is presented. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'surname' => 'Extract the attorney\u2019s last name or family name',\r\n'email' => 'Extract a valid email address for the profiled attorney. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'title' => 'Extract the profiled attorney\\'s job title. Ensure it is properly capitalized. Title's are often listed independently near the top of the attorney's profile, but if not there, pull from elsewhere, including the biography text. The attorney can have multiple titles, in which case list them all as an array. If no title is found, return an empty array.',\r\n'location' => 'Extract the office name or city name in which this attorney works, as it is listed. The attorney may work out of two offices, in which case both should be listed. List them as an array. Do not include prior locations that may be mentioned as where the attorney may have worked in the past.',\r\n'direct_phone_no_1' => 'Extract the direct office phone number listed for this attorney. If multiple phone numbers are listed, select the one that is their direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number. If the attorney works out of two offices and has a direct line for each office, list the first here. If a direct line is unavailable, but a main or central office number is listed with an extension, list that number followed by EXT and the extension number',\r\n'direct_phone_no_2' => 'Extract the second direct office phone number listed for this attorney, if it exists. If multiple direct phone numbers are listed because the attorney works out of two office, select the second number \u2013 not the one listed in the prior item. Select only a number that is the attorney\u2019s direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number.',\r\n'image_url' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s image file',\r\n'linkedIn' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s LinkedIn profile, if it is listed. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'narrative_description' => 'Extract and combine all sections that provide a narrative overview of the attorney\u2019s biography and general work experience. Do not paraphrase, summarize, or omit information. Include the Biography/Bio section(s) and also include any Experience section that contains narrative descriptions of work (including sections structured as practice-area headings followed by descriptive paragraphs, e.g., \"Aging Services\" + paragraph text, \"Dental\" + paragraph text, etc.). Preserve headings and the order of content as it appears; you may convert embedded highlights into bullet points only if it helps preserve (not reduce) the information. EXCLUDE: any section (or subsection) that exclusively lists specific representative matters / representative experience items (typically a list of discrete matters, case captions like \"X v. Y\", deal/transaction bullet points, dated entries, courts/dockets, or similar itemized matter lists). If an Experience (or other) section contains BOTH narrative description AND a separate list of specific matters, include the narrative paragraphs/headings but omit the itemized matter list. Return the combined narrative text only. If no narrative bio or general-experience narrative exists, return an empty string.',\r\n'representative_matters' => 'Extract ALL representative matters (such as litigation cases, verdicts, transactions, or deals) that are listed as well any available descriptions of them, in both specified lists of representative matters, experience, and work highlights, as well as in the biographical text and list of news articles. If news articles for this attorney identify cases or transactions that can be inferred to be the work product of this attorney, include those matters as well. List the representative matters and their available descriptions as an array. Only pull from the text and do not paraphrase or make anything up. If no representative matters are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'news' => 'Extract news items ABOUT this attorney (not authored by them): e.g., firm/industry press releases, announcements, awards, rankings, deal/case results naming them, media coverage quoting or profiling them. List each item as \"Title (URL)\". If a \u201cNews\u201d section mixes authored content, include ONLY items that are clearly about the attorney or the firm, not implied to be authored by the attorney. Add base domain to relative links. Return an empty array [] if none.',\r\n'practice_areas' => 'Extract all the practice areas (aka departments, specialties, capabilities, services areas, areas of focus, etc.), if any, that are listed as ones that this attorney specializes in. Return them as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school' => 'Extract the law school attorney attended. This is for their primary law degree, usually a JD, LLB, or, in the absence of those, the earliest LLM listed or the institution where they received an undergraduate law degree. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which the attorney received their degree from the law school above (what year did they graduate?) If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_honors' => 'Extract all honors this attorney received in or during law school. You must review all education and credentials sections that list their law degree AND ALSO the narrative bio, as well as all other sectiosn. These honors include: latin honors (cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude); school specific honors (e.g. James Kent Scholars at Columbia Law); regular honors designations (e.g. Dean\u2019s List, High Honors, etc.); Order of the Coif; course prizes (such as book awards, CALI Awards, American Jurisprudence Awards, or course awards); membership in phi kappa phi; scholarships and fellowships; moot court awards; trial advocacy awards; best oralis; brief-writing honors or other writing honors; pro bono or service distinctions; commencement prizes and medals; or other types of academic law school honors (but list them specifically - do not list them as \"other honors\". Return this entire extracted list of specific honors as an array. If no honors are found, return an empty array.',   \r\n'law_journals' =>' Extract any law reviews or law journals listed for the attorney's time in law school. Also list if the attorney had any titles in such law reviews or journals, like Articles Editor for example. Return this entire extracted list of law reviews and journals, and associated titles, as an array. If no law reviews or journals are found, return an empty array.'\r\n'undergraduate_school' => 'Extract the attorney\\'s undergraduate degree-granting school, college, university, or institution. This is probably the institution from where they received a bachelors degree. If their undergraduate degree was an LLB listed for their law school above, return an empty string. If no undergraduate schools are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which attorney received their undergraduate degree from the undergraduate school above. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_specialty' => 'Extract the specialties or majors that are listed for the undergraduate degree (e.g. economics, computer science, etc.) This does not include degree type, like B.S., Bachelor of Arts or Science degree, etc. List the specialties or majors as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_school' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, Extract the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_subject' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, list the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Masters_degree_school' => 'If this attorney has a masters degree, extract the educational institution from which they received it. But do not list schools from which the attorney received an LL.M. degree or a masters in law. If no masters degree schools are found, return an empty string. ',\r\n'Masters_degree_subject' => 'If the attorney has a masters degree, extract the subject or area of study of the masters. The subject area may be in the degree itself, such as an M.Div, which is a masters in Divinity. But do not include subjects for LL.M. degrees or masters in law degrees. DO NOT include honors or latin honors (e.g. cum laude, summa cum laude) in your answer. List subjects as array. If no masters degree subjects are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MBA_School' => 'If the attorney has a Masters in Business Administration, extract the name of the business school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MD_school' => 'If the attorney has an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathy) degree, extract the name of the medical school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'llm_in_tax_law_school' =>  'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, specializing in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Other_LLM_school' => 'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, but not one that specializes in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'bar_and_court_admissions' => 'Extract EVERY explicit admission to practice (bar + court/agency) anywhere in the page. Include bar jurisdictions (states/provinces/territories/countries) and court/agency admissions (e.g., U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals with circuit, District/Bankruptcy/Tax/Federal Claims courts with district, USPTO, tribal/military/foreign courts). For UK attorneys, specify whether they are a solicitor, barrister, advocate, or any combination if available; for Canada, specify the province or territory; for Australia, specify the state or territory and whether they are admitted as a solicitor or barrister. Pull items under headings like \u201cAdmissions,\u201d \u201cBar Admissions,\u201d \u201cCourt Admissions,\u201d or similar, and treat each
 or clearly separated entry as one item. Do not infer from memberships/education. Exclude governments as parties, and strip years and dates. Output a deduplicated array of exact admission strings; if none, return []. ',\r\n'Clerkships' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, DO NOT include it in your answer. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Clerkships_with_judge' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, include it in parentheses after the court name, and if no judge is named, return only the court. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that lack judge names or that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Memberships' => 'Extract any organizations the attorney a member of. List them as an array, with the attorney's role if available. If no memberships or organizations are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'clients' => 'Extract the attorney's clients that are explicitly NAMED in the source code. You MUST review EVERY section (including explicit client lists, narrative biography, representative matters, experience, and news articles/titles) and then MERGE the results; do not stop after finding clients in any one section. If a list of representative matters or experience is present, extract NAMED clients from this list, and ignore any clients who are described in the list but who are not explicitly named in the list. Only include a client from the list of representative matters/experience or any other section if its name appears verbatim in the list and if the list clearly identifies the client as a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). As an overarching rule, if the client is not identified by a proper name, do not include it. When pulling clients from lists of representative matters/experience and news articles, include clients which are named and which are implied to be represented by this attorney, their team or firm, and exclude parties adverse to such clients, opposing such clients, or on the other side of a case, deal or transaction from such clients. For example, if the representative matter/experience or news article's title mentions a lending transaction with both the lender and borrower, and the attorney or their team or firm represented the lender, do not list the borrower. If a litigation case is listed, do not assume that the lawyer represented the plaintiff. Use context or other language in the text to determine which party was represented by the attorney. If a matter lists the government as one party, assume the attorney represented the other named party and include that party if it is specifically named and not anonymous. As another example, if the representative matter/experience is a litigation case, and it is written that the attorney represented the defense (or \"defended\" his client), extract the defendant named in the case title. List all named clients as a deduplicated array of NAMES copied directly from the source text. Omit unnamed parties and anonymous parties and never guess identities. If no named clients are explicitly named anywhere in the source code, return an empty string.',\r\n'industries' => 'Extract ONLY industries/industry sectors or client-type categories explicitly named in the source code (especially, but not exclusively, under headings like \u201cIndustries,\u201d \u201cPractices & Industries,\u201d or in /industries/ links). Include items like \u201cSports,\u201d \u201cHealthcare & Life Sciences,\u201d \u201cTechnology,\u201d \u201cInfrastructure,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity,\u201d etc. EXCLUDE practice areas, services, or deal/matter types (e.g., \u201cMergers & Acquisitions,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity M&A,\u201d \u201cacquisitions,\u201d \u201cinvestments,\u201d \u201cdivestitures,\u201d \u201cjoint ventures,\u201d \u201cfinancing,\u201d \u201crestructurings\u201d). Return a deduplicated array of industry/client-type names as written. If none are explicitly named, return empty array.',\r\n'languages' => 'Extract the languages in which the attorney is fluent. List them as an array.',\r\n'Accolades' => 'Extract any accolades, awards, or other special recognitions this attorney has received, such as rankings in Chambers guides (like Chambers & Partners, Chambers Gobal, or Chambers Asia-Pacific), the Legal500 list, and SuperLawyers, among others. The accolades should be specific to this attorney or their work, not generalized to their practice or their firm. List these accolades as an array. If no accolades are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'pro_bono_activities' => 'Extract the attorney's pro bono, community service, and volunteer activities, as well as any non-profit, ngo, community service organizations the attorney may be involved with. If a description of the work is provided, include that. List them as an array only',\r\n'thought_leadership' => 'Extract ALL professional thought leadership attributed to this attorney in their narrative bio and in all \"Insights,\" \"Publications,\" \"Events,\" and similar sections. This includes all items with their authorship/co-authorship/speaking/hosting credit/(byline \u201cauthor,\u201d \"co-author,\" \u201cpresenter,\u201d \u201cspeaker,\u201d \u201cpanelist,\u201d \u201cwebinar,\u201d \u201cpodcast,\u201d \u201cblog,\u201d \u201carticle,\u201d \u201cpublication,\u201d \u201cchapter,\u201d \u201cCLE,\u201d etc.). This also includes any items that do not include their byline or credit, but which are implied to involve the attorney (for example, by being listed in a section on their profile for \"Insights,\" \"Podcasts,\" \"Events,\" \"Media,\" \"Thought Leadership,\" \"Webinars, etc.). If a \u201cNews\u201d or \u201cInsights\u201d section mixes third party news ABOUT this attorney, include only items implied to the attorney as creator/presenter. List each as \"Title (URL)\" when a link is present, otherwise just the title. Add base domain to relative links. Also include the publication, event/program, and date after the title if these are available. Return [] if none.'\r\n'adverse_parties' => 'Review all the source code, including the narrative bio and list of representative matters, and list EVERY identifiable and NAMED party that is adverse to this attorney\u2019s clients: litigation opponents and transaction counterparties (buyer vs seller, lender vs borrower, landlord vs tenant, licensor vs licensee, insurer vs insured, issuer vs underwriter/investor, etc.). You MUST pull from all sections in the source code - explicit lists of clients, the narrative biography, listed representative matters, or in news articles listed for this attorney, or the titles thereof. In M&A, if the attorney represented the buyer/acquirer, DO NOT list the acquired target as adverse (since it becomes the client); instead list only the selling side (seller, stockholders, founders, or divesting company). If the attorney represented the seller/target, list the buyer/acquirer. Use cues like \u201cto/with/from/against,\u201d \u201csale to/by,\u201d \u201cacquisition from/by,\u201d \u201cmerger with,\u201d \u201cfinanced by/loan to/from/credit facility with.\u201d In the attorney represented the owner or owning entity of a subsidiary/portfolio company (for example in the case of a restructuring or lending transaction), DO NOT list the subsidiary/portfolio company as adverse; Do not list governments/agencies/courts. Only include an adverse party if its name appears verbatim in the source code and clearly identifies a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). If the text does not contain the adverse party's name, do not include it. Output a deduplicated array of exact names; omit unnamed parties and never guess.'\r\n 'affinity_groups' => 'Extract ALL affinity/identity-based organizations the attorney is affiliated with on the page, even if under generic headings like \u201cAssociations,\u201d \u201cMemberships,\u201d \u201cAffiliations,\u201d \u201cCommunities,\u201d or \u201cOrganizations.\u201d Check all sections of the source code. Include all bar or professional association whose name signals an identity/affinity or civil-rights focus (e.g., words like Black/African-American/AAPI/Asian/South Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic/Latino/Native/Indigenous/LGBT/LGBTQ/Queer/Women/Gender/Disability/Veteran/Jewish/Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Sikh/Interfaith/Civil Rights/Minority/Diversity/Inclusion). Exclude purely general trade/professional groups without such identity focus. Return a deduplicated array of exact organization names; if none, return empty array.'"]}


[System] Extract the following details from the provided HTML source code. Return only a valid JSON object. Do not include any other text.

[User]
{"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tAttorney Profiles\n\t\t\t\n\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\tBy Photo\n\n\t\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\tAlphabetical\n\n\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\tHome\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t \u203a \n\t\t\t\tAttorney Profiles\n\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t \u203a \n\t\t\t\tCody J. Edwards\n\t\t\t
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Cody J. Edwards
\n\n\t\t\tSHAREHOLDER\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t Email: \n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcedwards@dickinsonbradshaw.com\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t Tel/Direct 1: \n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t515.246.4558 \n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t Tel/Main 1: \n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t515.244.2600\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t Location \n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t801 Grand Ave.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSuite 3700
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDes Moines, IA 50309\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t Support Team \n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HEIDI DORRELL: (LEGAL ASSISTANT)
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hdorrell@dickinsonbradshaw.com
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515.246.5860
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcedwards@dickinsonbradshaw.com\n\n\t\t\t\t\tDownload vCard\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLinkedIn\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBlog\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFull Bio\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSummary\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t
Introduction
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Cody practices in the area of taxation. Cody leads Dickinson Bradshaw\u2019s state and local tax practice and is an experienced advisor to clients in the area of the federal Employee Retention Credit.
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Mr. Edwards has been recognized by Best Lawyers\u00ae for his work in Litigation and Controversy\u2014Tax Law (2024).
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State and Local Tax
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In the area of state and local taxation, Cody focuses on sales, use, and property tax controversy and litigation, multistate taxation, and general sales and use tax counseling. Cody has successfully represented before Departments of Revenue taxpayers of all sizes in industries including construction, manufacturing, health care, hospitality, technology, and agriculture. As a former attorney with the Iowa Department of Revenue, Cody brings unique insight to Iowa tax issues.
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Employee Retention Credit
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As a result of the aggressive and often misleading promotion of the Employee Retention Credit, along with repeated IRS warnings, clients have turned to Cody to provide an honest assessment of their eligibility of the Employee Retention Credit. Cody has helped numerous clients determine their eligibility for the ERC. Mr. Edwards has also helped third-parties with technical aspects of the law such as controlled group rules, full-time employee calculations, and the partial suspension test. Cody also provides second \u201copinions\u201d on third-parties ERC analyses.
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Mr. Edwards serves on the Board of the Iowa Taxpayers Association where he is an active member of the Sales and Use Tax Committee. Cody is a regular contributor to the Iowa Table SALT blog, Lexology, and is the editor of the Iowa Chapter of the American Bar Association\u2019s Sales and Use Tax Deskbook.
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Representative Matters:
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Tax Controversy
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Successfully represented Illinois taxpayers in Iowa individual income tax audit regarding residency, ultimately reducing the Iowa Department of Revenue\u2019s assessment by more than $2.5M.
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Successfully represented hospitality company in Iowa use tax audit, ultimately reducing Iowa Department of Revenue\u2019s use tax assessment by $400,000.
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Successfully represented construction equipment dealers with respect in Iowa use tax audit, ultimately reducing clients\u2019 assessments by more than $250,000.
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Counseling
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Reviewed Iowa manufacturer\u2019s sales and use tax processes resulting in identification of tax overpayments, tax saving opportunities and process gaps that created tax risks. Review resulted in tax refunds in excess of $400,000, millions of dollars in future savings, and recommendations for process improvements to reduce gaps
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Advised multi-state food manufacturer regarding the sales taxability of sales of prepackaged food products to private individuals and non- and for-profit health care entities located throughout the United States.
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Advised multistate technology company regarding its sales tax collection requirements as a result of the United States Supreme Court\u2019s decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
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Advised numerous multistate manufacturers on their eligibility for employee retention credit.
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Advised numerous long-term care providers on their eligibility for employee retention credit.
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Advised numerous law firms on their eligibility for employee retention credit.
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Practice Areas
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\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWills, Trusts, Estate Planning and Probate Law \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEmployee Retention Tax Credit \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNonprofit Organizations \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSALT - State and Local Tax Law \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTax Collection Matters \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTax Credits & Economic Incentives \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTax Disputes \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTax Planning \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTaxation Law \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
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Education & Background
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Education
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\n\t J.D., University of Iowa College of Law\n\n\t
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B.A., University of Iowa
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Prior Experience
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\n\t RSM US LLP, State and Local Taxation, Des Moines, Iowa, 2013-2016\n\n\t
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Iowa Department of Revenue, Attorney, Des Moines, Iowa, 2011-2013
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Honors & Awards
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Best Lawyers
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Selected for inclusion in the 2024-2026 editions of The Best Lawyers in America in the areas of:\n\n\t
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Litigation and Controversy - Tax
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Tax Law
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Selected for inclusion in the 2021-2023 editions of Best Lawyers: Ones to Watch in the areas of:\n\t
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Litigation and Controversy - Tax
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Tax Law
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Jurisdictions
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Admitted to practice in the following states:
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\n\t Iowa\n\n\t
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Admitted to practice before the following federal courts:
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\n\t U.S. Tax Court\n\n\t
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\n\t U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Iowa\n\n\t
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\n\t U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Iowa\n\n\t
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Memberships & Activities
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American Bar Association\n\t
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Member, Section of Taxation
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Iowa State Bar Association\n\t
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Member, Taxation Section
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Polk County Bar Association
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Iowa Taxpayer\u2019s Association\n\t
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Member, Sales, Use, and Excise Tax Committee, 2015-present
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Member, Policy and Reform Committee, 2015-present
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United Way of Central Iowa\n\t
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Education Leadership Initiative, 2014\u20132017
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Capital Striders\n\t
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Member, Board of Directors, 2013-2017
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Chair, Scholarship Committee 2013-2017
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Backyard Boyz\n\t
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Advisory Committee, 2015-2017
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Ballet Des Moines\n\t
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Planning Committee, Black and White Ball, 2015-16
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Planning Committee, Runway Ballet, 2017
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Iowa Student Bar Association\n\t
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Student Representative, 2009-11
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Articles, Presentations, and Publications
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Author, Iowa Supreme Court Overturns Decades\u2019 Old Precedent Regarding Interpretation of Tax Statutes, Iowa Table SALT blog, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, July 20, 2026
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Author, Under Kwong, You May Be Entitled to a Refund or Abatement of Penalties and Interest the IRS Assessed During January 2020 through July 2023, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, May 18, 2026
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Author, Court Ruling: Iowa Department of Revenue Violated Iowa\u2019s Open Records Law and Iowa Public Record Board Rubber Stamped the Violation, Iowa Commercial Litigation Blog, April 16, 2026
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Author, ERC Claim Stalled With a PEO? What Employers Need to Know and Do Now, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, November 5, 2025
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Author, Iowa Open Records Law: Hot Tip for Government Agencies that Want to Keep Secret their Activities from the Public, Iowa Commercial Litigation Blog, August 21, 2025
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Author, Yes, You Can Make a Claim Against the Iowa Department of Revenue Under the Iowa Tort Claims Act for its Improper Collection Actions, Iowa Table Salt blog, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, May 30, 2025
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Author, Court of Appeals Decision May Remove State Tax Exemptions of College Conferences, Property Owned Jointly by Cities and Counties, and Catholic Schools, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, April 23, 2025
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Author, ERC Update: IRS says up to 90% of ERC Claims are High Risk or Show an Unacceptable Level of Risk, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, July 9, 2024
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Co-Author, If Not Now, When? Is it Time to Consider a Refund Suit to Expedite ERC Processing by the IRS?, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, February 21, 2024
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Co-Author, IRS Announces Withdrawal Process for Employee Retention Credit Claims, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, October 19, 2023
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Co-Author, Latest IRS Guidance Demonstrates the Limited Basis for Claiming the ERC under a Supply Chain Disruption Theory, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, July 25, 2023
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Co-Author, When the Taxman Cometh for (Potentially) Invalid ERC Claims, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, July 19, 2023
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Co-Author, Red Flags to Consider when Using Third-Party ERC Advisors, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, March 24, 2023
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Co-Author, Employee Retention Tax Credit: Potential Applicability for Law Firms, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, March 23, 2023
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Co-Author, Clarifying Misconceptions Surrounding the Employee Retention Credit, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, September 21, 2022
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Author, Iowa Department of Revenue Seeks to Narrow Sales Tax Exemption Through \u201cClarifying\u201d Rulemaking, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, July 20, 2021
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Author, Iowa Department of Revenue Issues Contradictory, Confusing Guidance Regarding Computer Sales Tax Exemption, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, February 19, 2021
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Presenter, \"Multistate Tax Considerations,\" Dickinson Law Startup Legal Webinar (available On Demand), October 8, 2020
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Author, IRS Issues Payroll Tax Deferral Guidance \u2014 Answering Some Questions, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, September 3, 2020
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Author, Sales Tax Issues when Rebuilding After the Iowa Derecho, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, August 14, 2020
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Author, 2020 Iowa Legislative Session Sales and Use Tax Changes, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, July 13, 2020
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Co-Presenter (with Melissa Schilling & Bryan O'Neill), \"Families First Response Act: Your Obligations as an Employer,\" Ankeny Chamber of Commerce Webinar, March 25, 2020
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Author, Festivus 2019: State Tax Edition, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, December 20, 2019
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Author, Iowa Department of Revenue: Spinning Classes Subject to Sales Tax, but Not Pilates., Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, November 5, 2019
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Author, (Asset) Buyer Beware: Post-Acquisition Personal Liability for Seller\u2019s Pre-Acquisition Sales Tax Liability, Iowa Table SALT Blog, May 20, 2019
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Author, Iowa\u2019s Marketplace Facilitators: Auctioneers and Consignment Shops and Radio Stations, Oh My!, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, February 20, 2019
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Author, Iowa Supreme Court Ruling Affects Construction Contractors\u2019, Service Providers\u2019 Sales Tax Obligations, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, December 17, 2018
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Author, Congratulations, Apartment Owners, you May Be Required to Collect Iowa\u2019s New Water Services Excise Tax, Iowa Table SALT Blog, October 31, 2018
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Author, LOST in an Iowa Use Tax Audit: Tax Return>Administrative Rules?, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, Iowa Table Salt Blog, August 29, 2018
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Author, Iowa Sales Tax on Financial Institution Service Charges? Obviously?, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, Iowa Table Salt Blog, August 24, 2018
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Author, U.S. Supreme Court Decision Opens Door for States to Tax Remote Sellers, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, Iowa Table Salt Blog, June 21, 2018
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Presenter, Into the Abyss: Sales and Use Tax for Contractors, DMTH Webinar, June 19, 2018
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Author, Sales Tax Refunds Due After Iowa Narrows Manufacturing Exemption, Iowa Table Salt Blog, May 14, 2018
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Author, Let's Get Serious About Ending the Double Dip, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, Iowa Table Salt Blog, March 26, 2018
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Author, Update: U.S. Supreme Court to Consider Internet Sales Tax Collection Law, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, Iowa Table Salt Blog, January 15, 2018
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Co-Author (with Melissa Schilling), Employers: Be Cautious of the New Tax Law\u2019s Incentive For Independent Contractors, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, Iowa Employer Law Blog, January 9, 2018
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Co-Author (with David Repp), To C-corp or Not to C-corp? That is the Tax Question!, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, Iowa Table Salt Blog, Start-Up Group Blog, January 8, 2018
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Author, Airing of Grievances--State Tax Edition, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, Iowa Table Salt Blog, December 19, 2017
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Presenter, \"Iowa Sales (and Use) Tax Issues: Practitioner's Perspective\", Iowa State Bar Association, 2017 Bloethe Tax School, December 8, 2017
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Presenter, \"Into the Abyss: Iowa Sales and Use Tax for Contractors\", Associated Builders and Contractors, Iowa Chapter, November 14, 2017
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Author, What's in a Name? Iowa's \"Computer\" Sales Tax Exemption, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, Iowa Table Salt Blog, December 5, 2017
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Author, Up in Smoke? New Iowa Law Regulating E-Cigarettes Raises Constitutional Issues, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, September 6, 2017
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Author, Death and Taxes. Maybe., Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, June 20, 2017
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Author, The Greatest (Tax Policy) Evolution Story Ever Told, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, June 6, 2017
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Author, IRC 2207A: Waiving Recovery of Estate Taxes Attributable to QTIP Trust, Iowa Trusts & Estates Blog, April 25, 2017
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Author, Lost in the Shuffle: Federal Tax Reform\u2019s Impact on Iowa Tax Revenue, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, April 19, 2017
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Author, The Times They Are A-Changin': States Challenge Long-Standing Sales Tax Nexus Standards, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, March 13, 2017
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Author, Seinfeld and the Iowa Department of Revenue, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, March 3, 2017
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Author, A Primer on Private Foundations, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, March 1, 2017
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Author, More Money on the Table, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, February 21, 2017
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Author, Money on the Table: Iowa Economic Incentives, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, February 20, 2017
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Author, IDOR Rules That Internet Streaming is Subject to Sales/Use Tax - Is It Really? Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, February 13, 2017
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Author, Back to Basics: Iowa Use Tax, Iowa Tax Cafe Blog, February 7, 2017
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Co-presenter (with Brad Hershberger), \u201cHot Topics in Iowa\u2019s Sales and Use Tax,\u201d Associated General Contractors of Iowa Controllers Council and CFMA Joint Meeting, Ames, Iowa, April 21, 2016.
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Blog Articles
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClarifying Misconceptions Surrounding the Employee Retention Credit\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIRC 2207A: Waiving recovery of estate taxes attributable to QTIP Trust\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIowa Sales Tax on Financial Institution Service Charges? Obviously?\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLet\u2019s Get Serious About Ending the Double Dip\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIowa Supreme Court Ruling Affects Construction Contractors\u2019, Service Providers\u2019 Sales Tax Obligations\n","instructions":["'first_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s first name.',\r\n'middle_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s middle name or middle initial, as it is presented. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'surname' => 'Extract the attorney\u2019s last name or family name',\r\n'email' => 'Extract a valid email address for the profiled attorney. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'title' => 'Extract the profiled attorney\\'s job title. Ensure it is properly capitalized. Title's are often listed independently near the top of the attorney's profile, but if not there, pull from elsewhere, including the biography text. The attorney can have multiple titles, in which case list them all as an array. If no title is found, return an empty array.',\r\n'location' => 'Extract the office name or city name in which this attorney works, as it is listed. The attorney may work out of two offices, in which case both should be listed. List them as an array. Do not include prior locations that may be mentioned as where the attorney may have worked in the past.',\r\n'direct_phone_no_1' => 'Extract the direct office phone number listed for this attorney. If multiple phone numbers are listed, select the one that is their direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number. If the attorney works out of two offices and has a direct line for each office, list the first here. If a direct line is unavailable, but a main or central office number is listed with an extension, list that number followed by EXT and the extension number',\r\n'direct_phone_no_2' => 'Extract the second direct office phone number listed for this attorney, if it exists. If multiple direct phone numbers are listed because the attorney works out of two office, select the second number \u2013 not the one listed in the prior item. Select only a number that is the attorney\u2019s direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number.',\r\n'image_url' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s image file',\r\n'linkedIn' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s LinkedIn profile, if it is listed. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'narrative_description' => 'Extract and combine all sections that provide a narrative overview of the attorney\u2019s biography and general work experience. Do not paraphrase, summarize, or omit information. Include the Biography/Bio section(s) and also include any Experience section that contains narrative descriptions of work (including sections structured as practice-area headings followed by descriptive paragraphs, e.g., \"Aging Services\" + paragraph text, \"Dental\" + paragraph text, etc.). Preserve headings and the order of content as it appears; you may convert embedded highlights into bullet points only if it helps preserve (not reduce) the information. EXCLUDE: any section (or subsection) that exclusively lists specific representative matters / representative experience items (typically a list of discrete matters, case captions like \"X v. Y\", deal/transaction bullet points, dated entries, courts/dockets, or similar itemized matter lists). If an Experience (or other) section contains BOTH narrative description AND a separate list of specific matters, include the narrative paragraphs/headings but omit the itemized matter list. Return the combined narrative text only. If no narrative bio or general-experience narrative exists, return an empty string.',\r\n'representative_matters' => 'Extract ALL representative matters (such as litigation cases, verdicts, transactions, or deals) that are listed as well any available descriptions of them, in both specified lists of representative matters, experience, and work highlights, as well as in the biographical text and list of news articles. If news articles for this attorney identify cases or transactions that can be inferred to be the work product of this attorney, include those matters as well. List the representative matters and their available descriptions as an array. Only pull from the text and do not paraphrase or make anything up. If no representative matters are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'news' => 'Extract news items ABOUT this attorney (not authored by them): e.g., firm/industry press releases, announcements, awards, rankings, deal/case results naming them, media coverage quoting or profiling them. List each item as \"Title (URL)\". If a \u201cNews\u201d section mixes authored content, include ONLY items that are clearly about the attorney or the firm, not implied to be authored by the attorney. Add base domain to relative links. Return an empty array [] if none.',\r\n'practice_areas' => 'Extract all the practice areas (aka departments, specialties, capabilities, services areas, areas of focus, etc.), if any, that are listed as ones that this attorney specializes in. Return them as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school' => 'Extract the law school attorney attended. This is for their primary law degree, usually a JD, LLB, or, in the absence of those, the earliest LLM listed or the institution where they received an undergraduate law degree. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which the attorney received their degree from the law school above (what year did they graduate?) If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_honors' => 'Extract all honors this attorney received in or during law school. You must review all education and credentials sections that list their law degree AND ALSO the narrative bio, as well as all other sectiosn. These honors include: latin honors (cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude); school specific honors (e.g. James Kent Scholars at Columbia Law); regular honors designations (e.g. Dean\u2019s List, High Honors, etc.); Order of the Coif; course prizes (such as book awards, CALI Awards, American Jurisprudence Awards, or course awards); membership in phi kappa phi; scholarships and fellowships; moot court awards; trial advocacy awards; best oralis; brief-writing honors or other writing honors; pro bono or service distinctions; commencement prizes and medals; or other types of academic law school honors (but list them specifically - do not list them as \"other honors\". Return this entire extracted list of specific honors as an array. If no honors are found, return an empty array.',   \r\n'law_journals' =>' Extract any law reviews or law journals listed for the attorney's time in law school. Also list if the attorney had any titles in such law reviews or journals, like Articles Editor for example. Return this entire extracted list of law reviews and journals, and associated titles, as an array. If no law reviews or journals are found, return an empty array.'\r\n'undergraduate_school' => 'Extract the attorney\\'s undergraduate degree-granting school, college, university, or institution. This is probably the institution from where they received a bachelors degree. If their undergraduate degree was an LLB listed for their law school above, return an empty string. If no undergraduate schools are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which attorney received their undergraduate degree from the undergraduate school above. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_specialty' => 'Extract the specialties or majors that are listed for the undergraduate degree (e.g. economics, computer science, etc.) This does not include degree type, like B.S., Bachelor of Arts or Science degree, etc. List the specialties or majors as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_school' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, Extract the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_subject' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, list the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Masters_degree_school' => 'If this attorney has a masters degree, extract the educational institution from which they received it. But do not list schools from which the attorney received an LL.M. degree or a masters in law. If no masters degree schools are found, return an empty string. ',\r\n'Masters_degree_subject' => 'If the attorney has a masters degree, extract the subject or area of study of the masters. The subject area may be in the degree itself, such as an M.Div, which is a masters in Divinity. But do not include subjects for LL.M. degrees or masters in law degrees. DO NOT include honors or latin honors (e.g. cum laude, summa cum laude) in your answer. List subjects as array. If no masters degree subjects are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MBA_School' => 'If the attorney has a Masters in Business Administration, extract the name of the business school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MD_school' => 'If the attorney has an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathy) degree, extract the name of the medical school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'llm_in_tax_law_school' =>  'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, specializing in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Other_LLM_school' => 'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, but not one that specializes in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'bar_and_court_admissions' => 'Extract EVERY explicit admission to practice (bar + court/agency) anywhere in the page. Include bar jurisdictions (states/provinces/territories/countries) and court/agency admissions (e.g., U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals with circuit, District/Bankruptcy/Tax/Federal Claims courts with district, USPTO, tribal/military/foreign courts). For UK attorneys, specify whether they are a solicitor, barrister, advocate, or any combination if available; for Canada, specify the province or territory; for Australia, specify the state or territory and whether they are admitted as a solicitor or barrister. Pull items under headings like \u201cAdmissions,\u201d \u201cBar Admissions,\u201d \u201cCourt Admissions,\u201d or similar, and treat each
 or clearly separated entry as one item. Do not infer from memberships/education. Exclude governments as parties, and strip years and dates. Output a deduplicated array of exact admission strings; if none, return []. ',\r\n'Clerkships' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, DO NOT include it in your answer. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Clerkships_with_judge' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, include it in parentheses after the court name, and if no judge is named, return only the court. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that lack judge names or that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Memberships' => 'Extract any organizations the attorney a member of. List them as an array, with the attorney's role if available. If no memberships or organizations are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'clients' => 'Extract the attorney's clients that are explicitly NAMED in the source code. You MUST review EVERY section (including explicit client lists, narrative biography, representative matters, experience, and news articles/titles) and then MERGE the results; do not stop after finding clients in any one section. If a list of representative matters or experience is present, extract NAMED clients from this list, and ignore any clients who are described in the list but who are not explicitly named in the list. Only include a client from the list of representative matters/experience or any other section if its name appears verbatim in the list and if the list clearly identifies the client as a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). As an overarching rule, if the client is not identified by a proper name, do not include it. When pulling clients from lists of representative matters/experience and news articles, include clients which are named and which are implied to be represented by this attorney, their team or firm, and exclude parties adverse to such clients, opposing such clients, or on the other side of a case, deal or transaction from such clients. For example, if the representative matter/experience or news article's title mentions a lending transaction with both the lender and borrower, and the attorney or their team or firm represented the lender, do not list the borrower. If a litigation case is listed, do not assume that the lawyer represented the plaintiff. Use context or other language in the text to determine which party was represented by the attorney. If a matter lists the government as one party, assume the attorney represented the other named party and include that party if it is specifically named and not anonymous. As another example, if the representative matter/experience is a litigation case, and it is written that the attorney represented the defense (or \"defended\" his client), extract the defendant named in the case title. List all named clients as a deduplicated array of NAMES copied directly from the source text. Omit unnamed parties and anonymous parties and never guess identities. If no named clients are explicitly named anywhere in the source code, return an empty string.',\r\n'industries' => 'Extract ONLY industries/industry sectors or client-type categories explicitly named in the source code (especially, but not exclusively, under headings like \u201cIndustries,\u201d \u201cPractices & Industries,\u201d or in /industries/ links). Include items like \u201cSports,\u201d \u201cHealthcare & Life Sciences,\u201d \u201cTechnology,\u201d \u201cInfrastructure,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity,\u201d etc. EXCLUDE practice areas, services, or deal/matter types (e.g., \u201cMergers & Acquisitions,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity M&A,\u201d \u201cacquisitions,\u201d \u201cinvestments,\u201d \u201cdivestitures,\u201d \u201cjoint ventures,\u201d \u201cfinancing,\u201d \u201crestructurings\u201d). Return a deduplicated array of industry/client-type names as written. If none are explicitly named, return empty array.',\r\n'languages' => 'Extract the languages in which the attorney is fluent. List them as an array.',\r\n'Accolades' => 'Extract any accolades, awards, or other special recognitions this attorney has received, such as rankings in Chambers guides (like Chambers & Partners, Chambers Gobal, or Chambers Asia-Pacific), the Legal500 list, and SuperLawyers, among others. The accolades should be specific to this attorney or their work, not generalized to their practice or their firm. List these accolades as an array. If no accolades are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'pro_bono_activities' => 'Extract the attorney's pro bono, community service, and volunteer activities, as well as any non-profit, ngo, community service organizations the attorney may be involved with. If a description of the work is provided, include that. List them as an array only',\r\n'thought_leadership' => 'Extract ALL professional thought leadership attributed to this attorney in their narrative bio and in all \"Insights,\" \"Publications,\" \"Events,\" and similar sections. This includes all items with their authorship/co-authorship/speaking/hosting credit/(byline \u201cauthor,\u201d \"co-author,\" \u201cpresenter,\u201d \u201cspeaker,\u201d \u201cpanelist,\u201d \u201cwebinar,\u201d \u201cpodcast,\u201d \u201cblog,\u201d \u201carticle,\u201d \u201cpublication,\u201d \u201cchapter,\u201d \u201cCLE,\u201d etc.). This also includes any items that do not include their byline or credit, but which are implied to involve the attorney (for example, by being listed in a section on their profile for \"Insights,\" \"Podcasts,\" \"Events,\" \"Media,\" \"Thought Leadership,\" \"Webinars, etc.). If a \u201cNews\u201d or \u201cInsights\u201d section mixes third party news ABOUT this attorney, include only items implied to the attorney as creator/presenter. List each as \"Title (URL)\" when a link is present, otherwise just the title. Add base domain to relative links. Also include the publication, event/program, and date after the title if these are available. Return [] if none.'\r\n'adverse_parties' => 'Review all the source code, including the narrative bio and list of representative matters, and list EVERY identifiable and NAMED party that is adverse to this attorney\u2019s clients: litigation opponents and transaction counterparties (buyer vs seller, lender vs borrower, landlord vs tenant, licensor vs licensee, insurer vs insured, issuer vs underwriter/investor, etc.). You MUST pull from all sections in the source code - explicit lists of clients, the narrative biography, listed representative matters, or in news articles listed for this attorney, or the titles thereof. In M&A, if the attorney represented the buyer/acquirer, DO NOT list the acquired target as adverse (since it becomes the client); instead list only the selling side (seller, stockholders, founders, or divesting company). If the attorney represented the seller/target, list the buyer/acquirer. Use cues like \u201cto/with/from/against,\u201d \u201csale to/by,\u201d \u201cacquisition from/by,\u201d \u201cmerger with,\u201d \u201cfinanced by/loan to/from/credit facility with.\u201d In the attorney represented the owner or owning entity of a subsidiary/portfolio company (for example in the case of a restructuring or lending transaction), DO NOT list the subsidiary/portfolio company as adverse; Do not list governments/agencies/courts. Only include an adverse party if its name appears verbatim in the source code and clearly identifies a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). If the text does not contain the adverse party's name, do not include it. Output a deduplicated array of exact names; omit unnamed parties and never guess.'\r\n 'affinity_groups' => 'Extract ALL affinity/identity-based organizations the attorney is affiliated with on the page, even if under generic headings like \u201cAssociations,\u201d \u201cMemberships,\u201d \u201cAffiliations,\u201d \u201cCommunities,\u201d or \u201cOrganizations.\u201d Check all sections of the source code. Include all bar or professional association whose name signals an identity/affinity or civil-rights focus (e.g., words like Black/African-American/AAPI/Asian/South Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic/Latino/Native/Indigenous/LGBT/LGBTQ/Queer/Women/Gender/Disability/Veteran/Jewish/Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Sikh/Interfaith/Civil Rights/Minority/Diversity/Inclusion). Exclude purely general trade/professional groups without such identity focus. Return a deduplicated array of exact organization names; if none, return empty array.'"]}


[System] Extract the following details from the provided HTML source code. Return only a valid JSON object. Do not include any other text.

[User]
{"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t
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\n\t\tZaria N. Udeh\n\t
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\n\t\t\n\t\t312.332.7760\n\t\t\n\t
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\n\t\t\n\t\tzudeh@robbins-schwartz.com\n\t\t\n\t
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\n\t\tZaria N. Udeh\n\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBio\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
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Zaria N. Udeh is a dedicated attorney who focuses her practice on education law, specifically in the intricacies of special education and student issues. Zaria is a trusted counselor for school districts, providing guidance on a broad spectrum of matters, from Individual Education Program (IEP) meetings and 504 accommodations to Office for Civil Rights, Illinois State Board of Education, and Illinois Department of Human Rights complaints. She adeptly navigates due process hearings, residency disputes, student discipline matters, and provides expertise in advising on policy and handbook review, first amendment issues, and student privacy and school records matters. Her expertise even extends to Diversity, Equity & Inclusion compliance.
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In her role, Zaria finds joy in the dynamic nature of the work. She thrives on the challenges presented, helping educators and administrators to comply with the law and providing them with the legal tools they need to offer the highest quality educational experiences to students. Her strength as an attorney lies in her exceptional listening skills, problem-solving abilities, and her talent for presenting reasonable options to clients. Zaria\u2019s devotion to education and the legal aspects surrounding it has been the driving force behind her career choice. For her, there is immense satisfaction in supporting educational entities in fulfilling their missions. Her commitment to this sector has brought her into the dynamic field of education law.
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Prior to joining Robbins Schwartz, Zaria\u2019s journey into the field of education law was paved by her role at Chicago Public Schools. There, she represented the district as a special education attorney, where she honed her skills in due process matters and special education disputes.
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Zaria\u2019s roots in New England and her multicultural background have instilled in her the value of educational opportunities. She diligently works to support clients in extending these same opportunities to the students and families they serve.
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Organizations
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Chicago Bar Association
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Illinois Council of School Attorneys
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National Council of School Attorneys
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Presentations
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Health Care or 504 Plan or IEP? Handling Complex and Unique Health and Medical Needs, IAASE Winter Conference (February 2026)
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The Last Word: Discipline, Residency, and UGP Complaints, IASB/IASA/IASBO Joint Annual Conference (November 2025)
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The Equity Journey Continuum on the Illinois Report Card, IASB/IASA/IASBO Joint Annual Conference (November 2025)
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Lessons Learned from ISBE Cyclical Monitoring & Compliance, IAASE Fall Conference (October 2025)
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The Continuing Impact of Executive Orders, Superintendent Commissions\u2019 Summer Leadership Conference (June 2025)
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Advancing Equity: The Equity Journey Continuum & IRC, IASB (June 2025)
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Special Education Due Process Decisions: Recent Hearing Outcomes in Illinois and Lessons Learned, IASA Legal Seminar (April 2025)
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Planes, Trains, and Automobiles: Legalities of Special Education Transportation, IAASE Winter Conference (February 2025)
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Where Are We Now? Student Behavior and Discipline in a Post-COVID World, LUDA Winter Conference (February 2025)
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Best Practices in Addressing Bullying Complaints, LUDA Virtual Conference (January 2025)
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Unique Parent Demands in Special Education: What We\u2019re Seeing and How We\u2019re Responding, IAASE Fall Conference (October 2024)
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Unpacking the 2024 Title IX Regulations, Superintendents\u2019 Commission for the Study of Demographics and Diversity Summer Leadership Conference (June 2024)
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How to Get Specific: Defensible SLD Eligibility, Goal Drafting & Instruction, IAASE Winter Conference (February 2024)
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Gender Identity and Student Supports: What Board Members Need to Know, The Illinois Council of School Attorneys Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Committee Roundtable Webinar (September 2023)
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Student and Employee Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Initiatives: Considerations for DEI Planning & DEI Legal Challenges, LUDA Winter Conference (March 2023)
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\n\n Board Governance\n\n
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\n\n Education\n\n
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\n\n Special Education\n\n
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J.D., DePaul University College of Law
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B.A., Yale University
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\n \t Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts\n
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Chicago Office

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\n\t\tKeeping You Informed\n\t
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Legal Updates
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\n\t\t\n\t\tAll News \u00bb\n\t\t\n\t
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\n\t\t\tGet to Know Michelle!\n\t\t
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Michelle L. Weber practices education law with a focus on special education and student matters, drawing on her experience as both an in-house school attorney and former teacher to provide practical, student-focused solutions.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead Full Article about Get to Know Michelle!\n\n
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\n\t\t\tTenured Teacher Remediation Warnings Now Subject to Arbitration\n\t\t
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A new Illinois law is reshaping how school districts issue remediation warnings to tenured teachers. Public Act 104-0647, effective immediately, gives teachers a right to respond before a warning is approved and for the first time allows warnings to be challenged through binding arbitration. Here\u2019s what districts need to know.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead Full Article about Tenured Teacher Remediation Warnings Now Subject to Arbitration\n\n
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\n\t\t\tThe Scoop @ Robbins Schwartz \u2013 June Edition\n\t\t
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We\u2019re excited to share what\u2019s been happening this month at Robbins Schwartz! Read more in our latest edition of The Scoop @ Robbins Schwartz.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead Full Article about The Scoop @ Robbins Schwartz \u2013 June Edition\n\n
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\n\t\t\tGet to Know Ken!\n\t\t
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Ken advises clients on land use, municipal law, construction, tax, finance, and litigation. He is also a Northwestern-certified mediator and a member of the American Arbitration Association panels, specializing in construction disputes. Read more about Ken here.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead Full Article about Get to Know Ken!\n\n
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\n\t\t\tChicago Kent Law School Job Fair\n\t\t
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Our team enjoyed connecting with future legal talent at the Chicago-Kent College of Law job fair.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead Full Article about Chicago Kent Law School Job Fair\n\n
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\n\t\t\tSection 17-2A Interfund Transfer Extension Legislation Awaiting Governor Action\n\t\t
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With June 30 fast approaching, Illinois school districts should be aware that the less restrictive interfund transfer authority under Section 17-2A of the School Code is set to expire \u2014 and the extension isn\u2019t law yet.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead Full Article about Section 17-2A Interfund Transfer Extension Legislation Awaiting Governor Action\n\n
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\n\t\t\tGet to Know Michelle!\n\t\t
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Michelle L. Weber practices education law with a focus on special education and student matters, drawing on her experience as both an in-house school attorney and former teacher to provide practical, student-focused solutions.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead Full Article about Get to Know Michelle!\n\n
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\n\n\t\t
\n\t\t\tTenured Teacher Remediation Warnings Now Subject to Arbitration\n\t\t
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A new Illinois law is reshaping how school districts issue remediation warnings to tenured teachers. Public Act 104-0647, effective immediately, gives teachers a right to respond before a warning is approved and for the first time allows warnings to be challenged through binding arbitration. Here\u2019s what districts need to know.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead Full Article about Tenured Teacher Remediation Warnings Now Subject to Arbitration\n\n

 <button>1</button> <button>2</button> <button>3</button> <button>4</button> <button>5</button> <button>6</button> \n","instructions":["'first_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s first name.',\r\n'middle_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s middle name or middle initial, as it is presented. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'surname' => 'Extract the attorney\u2019s last name or family name',\r\n'email' => 'Extract a valid email address for the profiled attorney. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'title' => 'Extract the profiled attorney\\'s job title. Ensure it is properly capitalized. Title's are often listed independently near the top of the attorney's profile, but if not there, pull from elsewhere, including the biography text. The attorney can have multiple titles, in which case list them all as an array. If no title is found, return an empty array.',\r\n'location' => 'Extract the office name or city name in which this attorney works, as it is listed. The attorney may work out of two offices, in which case both should be listed. List them as an array. Do not include prior locations that may be mentioned as where the attorney may have worked in the past.',\r\n'direct_phone_no_1' => 'Extract the direct office phone number listed for this attorney. If multiple phone numbers are listed, select the one that is their direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number. If the attorney works out of two offices and has a direct line for each office, list the first here. If a direct line is unavailable, but a main or central office number is listed with an extension, list that number followed by EXT and the extension number',\r\n'direct_phone_no_2' => 'Extract the second direct office phone number listed for this attorney, if it exists. If multiple direct phone numbers are listed because the attorney works out of two office, select the second number \u2013 not the one listed in the prior item. Select only a number that is the attorney\u2019s direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number.',\r\n'image_url' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s image file',\r\n'linkedIn' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s LinkedIn profile, if it is listed. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'narrative_description' => 'Extract and combine all sections that provide a narrative overview of the attorney\u2019s biography and general work experience. Do not paraphrase, summarize, or omit information. Include the Biography/Bio section(s) and also include any Experience section that contains narrative descriptions of work (including sections structured as practice-area headings followed by descriptive paragraphs, e.g., \"Aging Services\" + paragraph text, \"Dental\" + paragraph text, etc.). Preserve headings and the order of content as it appears; you may convert embedded highlights into bullet points only if it helps preserve (not reduce) the information. EXCLUDE: any section (or subsection) that exclusively lists specific representative matters / representative experience items (typically a list of discrete matters, case captions like \"X v. Y\", deal/transaction bullet points, dated entries, courts/dockets, or similar itemized matter lists). If an Experience (or other) section contains BOTH narrative description AND a separate list of specific matters, include the narrative paragraphs/headings but omit the itemized matter list. Return the combined narrative text only. If no narrative bio or general-experience narrative exists, return an empty string.',\r\n'representative_matters' => 'Extract ALL representative matters (such as litigation cases, verdicts, transactions, or deals) that are listed as well any available descriptions of them, in both specified lists of representative matters, experience, and work highlights, as well as in the biographical text and list of news articles. If news articles for this attorney identify cases or transactions that can be inferred to be the work product of this attorney, include those matters as well. List the representative matters and their available descriptions as an array. Only pull from the text and do not paraphrase or make anything up. If no representative matters are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'news' => 'Extract news items ABOUT this attorney (not authored by them): e.g., firm/industry press releases, announcements, awards, rankings, deal/case results naming them, media coverage quoting or profiling them. List each item as \"Title (URL)\". If a \u201cNews\u201d section mixes authored content, include ONLY items that are clearly about the attorney or the firm, not implied to be authored by the attorney. Add base domain to relative links. Return an empty array [] if none.',\r\n'practice_areas' => 'Extract all the practice areas (aka departments, specialties, capabilities, services areas, areas of focus, etc.), if any, that are listed as ones that this attorney specializes in. Return them as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school' => 'Extract the law school attorney attended. This is for their primary law degree, usually a JD, LLB, or, in the absence of those, the earliest LLM listed or the institution where they received an undergraduate law degree. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which the attorney received their degree from the law school above (what year did they graduate?) If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_honors' => 'Extract all honors this attorney received in or during law school. You must review all education and credentials sections that list their law degree AND ALSO the narrative bio, as well as all other sectiosn. These honors include: latin honors (cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude); school specific honors (e.g. James Kent Scholars at Columbia Law); regular honors designations (e.g. Dean\u2019s List, High Honors, etc.); Order of the Coif; course prizes (such as book awards, CALI Awards, American Jurisprudence Awards, or course awards); membership in phi kappa phi; scholarships and fellowships; moot court awards; trial advocacy awards; best oralis; brief-writing honors or other writing honors; pro bono or service distinctions; commencement prizes and medals; or other types of academic law school honors (but list them specifically - do not list them as \"other honors\". Return this entire extracted list of specific honors as an array. If no honors are found, return an empty array.',   \r\n'law_journals' =>' Extract any law reviews or law journals listed for the attorney's time in law school. Also list if the attorney had any titles in such law reviews or journals, like Articles Editor for example. Return this entire extracted list of law reviews and journals, and associated titles, as an array. If no law reviews or journals are found, return an empty array.'\r\n'undergraduate_school' => 'Extract the attorney\\'s undergraduate degree-granting school, college, university, or institution. This is probably the institution from where they received a bachelors degree. If their undergraduate degree was an LLB listed for their law school above, return an empty string. If no undergraduate schools are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which attorney received their undergraduate degree from the undergraduate school above. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_specialty' => 'Extract the specialties or majors that are listed for the undergraduate degree (e.g. economics, computer science, etc.) This does not include degree type, like B.S., Bachelor of Arts or Science degree, etc. List the specialties or majors as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_school' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, Extract the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_subject' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, list the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Masters_degree_school' => 'If this attorney has a masters degree, extract the educational institution from which they received it. But do not list schools from which the attorney received an LL.M. degree or a masters in law. If no masters degree schools are found, return an empty string. ',\r\n'Masters_degree_subject' => 'If the attorney has a masters degree, extract the subject or area of study of the masters. The subject area may be in the degree itself, such as an M.Div, which is a masters in Divinity. But do not include subjects for LL.M. degrees or masters in law degrees. DO NOT include honors or latin honors (e.g. cum laude, summa cum laude) in your answer. List subjects as array. If no masters degree subjects are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MBA_School' => 'If the attorney has a Masters in Business Administration, extract the name of the business school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MD_school' => 'If the attorney has an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathy) degree, extract the name of the medical school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'llm_in_tax_law_school' =>  'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, specializing in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Other_LLM_school' => 'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, but not one that specializes in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'bar_and_court_admissions' => 'Extract EVERY explicit admission to practice (bar + court/agency) anywhere in the page. Include bar jurisdictions (states/provinces/territories/countries) and court/agency admissions (e.g., U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals with circuit, District/Bankruptcy/Tax/Federal Claims courts with district, USPTO, tribal/military/foreign courts). For UK attorneys, specify whether they are a solicitor, barrister, advocate, or any combination if available; for Canada, specify the province or territory; for Australia, specify the state or territory and whether they are admitted as a solicitor or barrister. Pull items under headings like \u201cAdmissions,\u201d \u201cBar Admissions,\u201d \u201cCourt Admissions,\u201d or similar, and treat each
 or clearly separated entry as one item. Do not infer from memberships/education. Exclude governments as parties, and strip years and dates. Output a deduplicated array of exact admission strings; if none, return []. ',\r\n'Clerkships' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, DO NOT include it in your answer. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Clerkships_with_judge' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, include it in parentheses after the court name, and if no judge is named, return only the court. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that lack judge names or that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Memberships' => 'Extract any organizations the attorney a member of. List them as an array, with the attorney's role if available. If no memberships or organizations are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'clients' => 'Extract the attorney's clients that are explicitly NAMED in the source code. You MUST review EVERY section (including explicit client lists, narrative biography, representative matters, experience, and news articles/titles) and then MERGE the results; do not stop after finding clients in any one section. If a list of representative matters or experience is present, extract NAMED clients from this list, and ignore any clients who are described in the list but who are not explicitly named in the list. Only include a client from the list of representative matters/experience or any other section if its name appears verbatim in the list and if the list clearly identifies the client as a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). As an overarching rule, if the client is not identified by a proper name, do not include it. When pulling clients from lists of representative matters/experience and news articles, include clients which are named and which are implied to be represented by this attorney, their team or firm, and exclude parties adverse to such clients, opposing such clients, or on the other side of a case, deal or transaction from such clients. For example, if the representative matter/experience or news article's title mentions a lending transaction with both the lender and borrower, and the attorney or their team or firm represented the lender, do not list the borrower. If a litigation case is listed, do not assume that the lawyer represented the plaintiff. Use context or other language in the text to determine which party was represented by the attorney. If a matter lists the government as one party, assume the attorney represented the other named party and include that party if it is specifically named and not anonymous. As another example, if the representative matter/experience is a litigation case, and it is written that the attorney represented the defense (or \"defended\" his client), extract the defendant named in the case title. List all named clients as a deduplicated array of NAMES copied directly from the source text. Omit unnamed parties and anonymous parties and never guess identities. If no named clients are explicitly named anywhere in the source code, return an empty string.',\r\n'industries' => 'Extract ONLY industries/industry sectors or client-type categories explicitly named in the source code (especially, but not exclusively, under headings like \u201cIndustries,\u201d \u201cPractices & Industries,\u201d or in /industries/ links). Include items like \u201cSports,\u201d \u201cHealthcare & Life Sciences,\u201d \u201cTechnology,\u201d \u201cInfrastructure,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity,\u201d etc. EXCLUDE practice areas, services, or deal/matter types (e.g., \u201cMergers & Acquisitions,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity M&A,\u201d \u201cacquisitions,\u201d \u201cinvestments,\u201d \u201cdivestitures,\u201d \u201cjoint ventures,\u201d \u201cfinancing,\u201d \u201crestructurings\u201d). Return a deduplicated array of industry/client-type names as written. If none are explicitly named, return empty array.',\r\n'languages' => 'Extract the languages in which the attorney is fluent. List them as an array.',\r\n'Accolades' => 'Extract any accolades, awards, or other special recognitions this attorney has received, such as rankings in Chambers guides (like Chambers & Partners, Chambers Gobal, or Chambers Asia-Pacific), the Legal500 list, and SuperLawyers, among others. The accolades should be specific to this attorney or their work, not generalized to their practice or their firm. List these accolades as an array. If no accolades are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'pro_bono_activities' => 'Extract the attorney's pro bono, community service, and volunteer activities, as well as any non-profit, ngo, community service organizations the attorney may be involved with. If a description of the work is provided, include that. List them as an array only',\r\n'thought_leadership' => 'Extract ALL professional thought leadership attributed to this attorney in their narrative bio and in all \"Insights,\" \"Publications,\" \"Events,\" and similar sections. This includes all items with their authorship/co-authorship/speaking/hosting credit/(byline \u201cauthor,\u201d \"co-author,\" \u201cpresenter,\u201d \u201cspeaker,\u201d \u201cpanelist,\u201d \u201cwebinar,\u201d \u201cpodcast,\u201d \u201cblog,\u201d \u201carticle,\u201d \u201cpublication,\u201d \u201cchapter,\u201d \u201cCLE,\u201d etc.). This also includes any items that do not include their byline or credit, but which are implied to involve the attorney (for example, by being listed in a section on their profile for \"Insights,\" \"Podcasts,\" \"Events,\" \"Media,\" \"Thought Leadership,\" \"Webinars, etc.). If a \u201cNews\u201d or \u201cInsights\u201d section mixes third party news ABOUT this attorney, include only items implied to the attorney as creator/presenter. List each as \"Title (URL)\" when a link is present, otherwise just the title. Add base domain to relative links. Also include the publication, event/program, and date after the title if these are available. Return [] if none.'\r\n'adverse_parties' => 'Review all the source code, including the narrative bio and list of representative matters, and list EVERY identifiable and NAMED party that is adverse to this attorney\u2019s clients: litigation opponents and transaction counterparties (buyer vs seller, lender vs borrower, landlord vs tenant, licensor vs licensee, insurer vs insured, issuer vs underwriter/investor, etc.). You MUST pull from all sections in the source code - explicit lists of clients, the narrative biography, listed representative matters, or in news articles listed for this attorney, or the titles thereof. In M&A, if the attorney represented the buyer/acquirer, DO NOT list the acquired target as adverse (since it becomes the client); instead list only the selling side (seller, stockholders, founders, or divesting company). If the attorney represented the seller/target, list the buyer/acquirer. Use cues like \u201cto/with/from/against,\u201d \u201csale to/by,\u201d \u201cacquisition from/by,\u201d \u201cmerger with,\u201d \u201cfinanced by/loan to/from/credit facility with.\u201d In the attorney represented the owner or owning entity of a subsidiary/portfolio company (for example in the case of a restructuring or lending transaction), DO NOT list the subsidiary/portfolio company as adverse; Do not list governments/agencies/courts. Only include an adverse party if its name appears verbatim in the source code and clearly identifies a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). If the text does not contain the adverse party's name, do not include it. Output a deduplicated array of exact names; omit unnamed parties and never guess.'\r\n 'affinity_groups' => 'Extract ALL affinity/identity-based organizations the attorney is affiliated with on the page, even if under generic headings like \u201cAssociations,\u201d \u201cMemberships,\u201d \u201cAffiliations,\u201d \u201cCommunities,\u201d or \u201cOrganizations.\u201d Check all sections of the source code. Include all bar or professional association whose name signals an identity/affinity or civil-rights focus (e.g., words like Black/African-American/AAPI/Asian/South Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic/Latino/Native/Indigenous/LGBT/LGBTQ/Queer/Women/Gender/Disability/Veteran/Jewish/Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Sikh/Interfaith/Civil Rights/Minority/Diversity/Inclusion). Exclude purely general trade/professional groups without such identity focus. Return a deduplicated array of exact organization names; if none, return empty array.'"]}