[System] Extract the following details from the provided HTML source code. Return only a valid JSON object. Do not include any other text.

[User]
{"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n

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Our Firm

Our People

Attorneys

Support Staff

Of Counsel Collaboration

Our Practice

Careers

Our Firm

Our People

Attorneys

Support Staff

Of Counsel Collaboration

Our Practice

Careers

Headlines

Locations

What Sets Us Apart

National Coordinating Counsel Program

Diversity

Community Involvement

The Overcomer Foundation

Vista Village

   Search

Our Firm

Our People

Attorneys

Support Staff

Of Counsel Collaboration

Our Practice

Our Locations

Headlines

Careers

What Sets Us Apart

National Coordinating Counsel Program

Diversity

Community Involvement

The Overcomer Foundation

Vista Village

   Search

Our Firm

Our People

Attorneys

Support Staff

Of Counsel Collaboration

Our Practice

Our Locations

Headlines

Careers

What Sets Us Apart

National Coordinating Counsel Program

Diversity

Community Involvement

The Overcomer Foundation

Vista Village

   Search

James Tafelski

Attorney

jtafelski@perez-morris.com
O | (855) 580-7530

701 Jefferson Ave.
3rd Floor
Toledo, OH 43604
   Linkedin
James Tafelski

Attorney

jtafelski@perez-morris.com
O | (855) 580-7530

701 Jefferson Ave.
3rd Floor
Toledo, OH 43604
   Linkedin
Practice

Business Litigation

Medical Malpractice & Healthcare Professional Liability

Professional Liability \u2013 E&O

Education

University of Cincinnati
College of Law, Juris Doctor,
2015

Miami University, Bachelor of
Arts, 2012

Admissions

Ohio

James is a member of the Medical Malpractice & Healthcare Law Group at Perez Morris, representing hospital systems, physicians, nurses, long-term care facilities, and insurers in all phases of litigation. James is passionate about providing peace of mind to physicians and hospital systems engaged in life-saving work by providing competent and zealous representation and consistent, direct communication.

During his more than a decade of practice, James has handled healthcare, employment, and commercial litigation matters, along with insurance defense and catastrophic loss cases for commercial shipping and logistics companies. He also spent six years as an assistant county prosecutor, handling white-collar crime and homicide cases.

To stay on top of industry developments and make local connections, James is an active member of the Ohio Hospital Association\u2019s Society for Ohio Health Care Attorneys and the Toledo Chamber of Commerce.

James lives in Perrysburg with his wife and two dogs. When he\u2019s not advocating for his clients, he can be found traveling, reading, and cheering on Cleveland sports teams, especially the Cleveland Guardians.

Memberships & Affiliations

Ohio Hospital Association Society for Ohio Health Care Attorneys

Toledo Chamber of Commerce

Practice

Business Litigation

Medical Malpractice & Healthcare Professional Liability

Professional Liability \u2013 E&O

Education

University of Cincinnati
College of Law, Juris Doctor,
2015

Miami University, Bachelor of
Arts, 2012

Admissions

Ohio

James is a member of the Medical Malpractice & Healthcare Law Group at Perez Morris, representing hospital systems, physicians, nurses, long-term care facilities, and insurers in all phases of litigation. James is passionate about providing peace of mind to physicians and hospital systems engaged in life-saving work by providing competent and zealous representation and consistent, direct communication.

During his more than a decade of practice, James has handled healthcare, employment, and commercial litigation matters, along with insurance defense and catastrophic loss cases for commercial shipping and logistics companies. He also spent six years as an assistant county prosecutor, handling white-collar crime and homicide cases.

To stay on top of industry developments and make local connections, James is an active member of the Ohio Hospital Association\u2019s Society for Ohio Health Care Attorneys and the Toledo Chamber of Commerce.

James lives in Perrysburg with his wife and two dogs. When he\u2019s not advocating for his clients, he can be found traveling, reading, and cheering on Cleveland sports teams, especially the Cleveland Guardians.

Memberships & Affiliations

Ohio Hospital Association Society for Ohio Health Care Attorneys

Toledo Chamber of Commerce

James'

Headlines

  Perez Morris Welcomes James Tafelski to Toledo Office
  July 3, 2026

Office Locations

Columbus, OH
445 Hutchinson Ave.
Suite 600
Columbus, Ohio 43235
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Cleveland, OH
1300 East Ninth Street
Suite 1600
Cleveland, OH 44114
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Toledo, OH
701 Jefferson Ave.
3rd Floor
Toledo, OH 43604
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Philadelphia, PA
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Suite 1050
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope     Facebook-f     Linkedin-in     X-twitter   <search><form> Search Search </form> </search>
Market Presence

Boston, MA
101 Arch St.
8th Floor
Boston, MA 02110
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Hartford, CT
100 Pearl Street
14th Floor Office 1459
Hartford, CT 06103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
New York, NY
140 Broadway
46th Floor
New York, NY 10005
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Pittsburgh, PA
301 Grant St.
Suite 270
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Princeton, NJ
103 Carnegie Center
Suite 300
Princeton, NJ 08540
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope      Facebook-f     Linkedin-in     X-twitter   <search><form> Search Search </form> </search>
Office Locations

Columbus, OH
445 Hutchinson Ave.
Suite 600
Columbus, Ohio 43235
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Cleveland, OH
1300 East Ninth Street
Suite 1600
Cleveland, OH 44114
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Toledo, OH
701 Jefferson Ave.
3rd Floor
Toledo, OH 43604
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Philadelphia, PA
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Suite 1050
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Market Presence

Boston, MA
101 Arch St.
8th Floor
Boston, MA 02110
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Hartford, CT
100 Pearl Street
14th Floor Office 1459
Hartford, CT 06103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
New York, NY
140 Broadway
46th Floor
New York, NY 10005
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Pittsburgh, PA
301 Grant St.
Suite 270
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Princeton, NJ
103 Carnegie Center
Suite 300
Princeton, NJ 08540
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope      Facebook-f     Linkedin-in     X-twitter   <search><form> Search Search </form> </search>
Office Locations

Columbus, OH
445 Hutchinson Ave.
Suite 600
Columbus, Ohio 43235
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Cleveland, OH
1300 East Ninth Street
Suite 1600
Cleveland, OH 44114
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Toledo, OH
701 Jefferson Ave.
3rd Floor
Toledo, OH 43604
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Philadelphia, PA
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Suite 1050
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Market Presence

Boston, MA
101 Arch St.
8th Floor
Boston, MA 02110
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Hartford, CT
100 Pearl Street
14th Floor Office 1459
Hartford, CT 06103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
New York, NY
140 Broadway
46th Floor
New York, NY 10005
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Pittsburgh, PA
301 Grant St.
Suite 270
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Princeton, NJ
103 Carnegie Center
Suite 300
Princeton, NJ 08540
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
\u00a92026 Perez Morris | All rights reserved

Accessibility | Blog | Terms | Privacy Policy | Site Map
     Scroll to Top \n","instructions":["'first_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s first name.',\r\n'middle_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s middle name or middle initial, as it is presented. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'surname' => 'Extract the attorney\u2019s last name or family name',\r\n'email' => 'Extract a valid email address for the profiled attorney. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'title' => 'Extract the profiled attorney\\'s job title. Ensure it is properly capitalized. Title's are often listed independently near the top of the attorney's profile, but if not there, pull from elsewhere, including the biography text. The attorney can have multiple titles, in which case list them all as an array. If no title is found, return an empty array.',\r\n'location' => 'Extract the office name or city name in which this attorney works, as it is listed. The attorney may work out of two offices, in which case both should be listed. List them as an array. Do not include prior locations that may be mentioned as where the attorney may have worked in the past.',\r\n'direct_phone_no_1' => 'Extract the direct office phone number listed for this attorney. If multiple phone numbers are listed, select the one that is their direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number. If the attorney works out of two offices and has a direct line for each office, list the first here. If a direct line is unavailable, but a main or central office number is listed with an extension, list that number followed by EXT and the extension number',\r\n'direct_phone_no_2' => 'Extract the second direct office phone number listed for this attorney, if it exists. If multiple direct phone numbers are listed because the attorney works out of two office, select the second number \u2013 not the one listed in the prior item. Select only a number that is the attorney\u2019s direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number.',\r\n'image_url' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s image file',\r\n'linkedIn' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s LinkedIn profile, if it is listed. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'narrative_description' => 'Extract and combine all sections that provide a narrative overview of the attorney\u2019s biography and general work experience. Do not paraphrase, summarize, or omit information. Include the Biography/Bio section(s) and also include any Experience section that contains narrative descriptions of work (including sections structured as practice-area headings followed by descriptive paragraphs, e.g., \"Aging Services\" + paragraph text, \"Dental\" + paragraph text, etc.). Preserve headings and the order of content as it appears; you may convert embedded highlights into bullet points only if it helps preserve (not reduce) the information. EXCLUDE: any section (or subsection) that exclusively lists specific representative matters / representative experience items (typically a list of discrete matters, case captions like \"X v. Y\", deal/transaction bullet points, dated entries, courts/dockets, or similar itemized matter lists). If an Experience (or other) section contains BOTH narrative description AND a separate list of specific matters, include the narrative paragraphs/headings but omit the itemized matter list. Return the combined narrative text only. If no narrative bio or general-experience narrative exists, return an empty string.',\r\n'representative_matters' => 'Extract ALL representative matters (such as litigation cases, verdicts, transactions, or deals) that are listed as well any available descriptions of them, in both specified lists of representative matters, experience, and work highlights, as well as in the biographical text and list of news articles. If news articles for this attorney identify cases or transactions that can be inferred to be the work product of this attorney, include those matters as well. List the representative matters and their available descriptions as an array. Only pull from the text and do not paraphrase or make anything up. If no representative matters are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'news' => 'Extract news items ABOUT this attorney (not authored by them): e.g., firm/industry press releases, announcements, awards, rankings, deal/case results naming them, media coverage quoting or profiling them. List each item as \"Title (URL)\". If a \u201cNews\u201d section mixes authored content, include ONLY items that are clearly about the attorney or the firm, not implied to be authored by the attorney. Add base domain to relative links. Return an empty array [] if none.',\r\n'practice_areas' => 'Extract all the practice areas (aka departments, specialties, capabilities, services areas, areas of focus, etc.), if any, that are listed as ones that this attorney specializes in. Return them as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school' => 'Extract the law school attorney attended. This is for their primary law degree, usually a JD, LLB, or, in the absence of those, the earliest LLM listed or the institution where they received an undergraduate law degree. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which the attorney received their degree from the law school above (what year did they graduate?) If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_honors' => 'Extract all honors this attorney received in or during law school. You must review all education and credentials sections that list their law degree AND ALSO the narrative bio, as well as all other sectiosn. These honors include: latin honors (cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude); school specific honors (e.g. James Kent Scholars at Columbia Law); regular honors designations (e.g. Dean\u2019s List, High Honors, etc.); Order of the Coif; course prizes (such as book awards, CALI Awards, American Jurisprudence Awards, or course awards); membership in phi kappa phi; scholarships and fellowships; moot court awards; trial advocacy awards; best oralis; brief-writing honors or other writing honors; pro bono or service distinctions; commencement prizes and medals; or other types of academic law school honors (but list them specifically - do not list them as \"other honors\". Return this entire extracted list of specific honors as an array. If no honors are found, return an empty array.',   \r\n'law_journals' =>' Extract any law reviews or law journals listed for the attorney's time in law school. Also list if the attorney had any titles in such law reviews or journals, like Articles Editor for example. Return this entire extracted list of law reviews and journals, and associated titles, as an array. If no law reviews or journals are found, return an empty array.'\r\n'undergraduate_school' => 'Extract the attorney\\'s undergraduate degree-granting school, college, university, or institution. This is probably the institution from where they received a bachelors degree. If their undergraduate degree was an LLB listed for their law school above, return an empty string. If no undergraduate schools are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which attorney received their undergraduate degree from the undergraduate school above. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_specialty' => 'Extract the specialties or majors that are listed for the undergraduate degree (e.g. economics, computer science, etc.) This does not include degree type, like B.S., Bachelor of Arts or Science degree, etc. List the specialties or majors as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_school' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, Extract the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_subject' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, list the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Masters_degree_school' => 'If this attorney has a masters degree, extract the educational institution from which they received it. But do not list schools from which the attorney received an LL.M. degree or a masters in law. If no masters degree schools are found, return an empty string. ',\r\n'Masters_degree_subject' => 'If the attorney has a masters degree, extract the subject or area of study of the masters. The subject area may be in the degree itself, such as an M.Div, which is a masters in Divinity. But do not include subjects for LL.M. degrees or masters in law degrees. DO NOT include honors or latin honors (e.g. cum laude, summa cum laude) in your answer. List subjects as array. If no masters degree subjects are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MBA_School' => 'If the attorney has a Masters in Business Administration, extract the name of the business school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MD_school' => 'If the attorney has an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathy) degree, extract the name of the medical school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'llm_in_tax_law_school' =>  'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, specializing in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Other_LLM_school' => 'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, but not one that specializes in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'bar_and_court_admissions' => 'Extract EVERY explicit admission to practice (bar + court/agency) anywhere in the page. Include bar jurisdictions (states/provinces/territories/countries) and court/agency admissions (e.g., U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals with circuit, District/Bankruptcy/Tax/Federal Claims courts with district, USPTO, tribal/military/foreign courts). For UK attorneys, specify whether they are a solicitor, barrister, advocate, or any combination if available; for Canada, specify the province or territory; for Australia, specify the state or territory and whether they are admitted as a solicitor or barrister. Pull items under headings like \u201cAdmissions,\u201d \u201cBar Admissions,\u201d \u201cCourt Admissions,\u201d or similar, and treat each
 or clearly separated entry as one item. Do not infer from memberships/education. Exclude governments as parties, and strip years and dates. Output a deduplicated array of exact admission strings; if none, return []. ',\r\n'Clerkships' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, DO NOT include it in your answer. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Clerkships_with_judge' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, include it in parentheses after the court name, and if no judge is named, return only the court. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that lack judge names or that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Memberships' => 'Extract any organizations the attorney a member of. List them as an array, with the attorney's role if available. If no memberships or organizations are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'clients' => 'Extract the attorney's clients that are explicitly NAMED in the source code. You MUST review EVERY section (including explicit client lists, narrative biography, representative matters, experience, and news articles/titles) and then MERGE the results; do not stop after finding clients in any one section. If a list of representative matters or experience is present, extract NAMED clients from this list, and ignore any clients who are described in the list but who are not explicitly named in the list. Only include a client from the list of representative matters/experience or any other section if its name appears verbatim in the list and if the list clearly identifies the client as a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). As an overarching rule, if the client is not identified by a proper name, do not include it. When pulling clients from lists of representative matters/experience and news articles, include clients which are named and which are implied to be represented by this attorney, their team or firm, and exclude parties adverse to such clients, opposing such clients, or on the other side of a case, deal or transaction from such clients. For example, if the representative matter/experience or news article's title mentions a lending transaction with both the lender and borrower, and the attorney or their team or firm represented the lender, do not list the borrower. If a litigation case is listed, do not assume that the lawyer represented the plaintiff. Use context or other language in the text to determine which party was represented by the attorney. If a matter lists the government as one party, assume the attorney represented the other named party and include that party if it is specifically named and not anonymous. As another example, if the representative matter/experience is a litigation case, and it is written that the attorney represented the defense (or \"defended\" his client), extract the defendant named in the case title. List all named clients as a deduplicated array of NAMES copied directly from the source text. Omit unnamed parties and anonymous parties and never guess identities. If no named clients are explicitly named anywhere in the source code, return an empty string.',\r\n'industries' => 'Extract ONLY industries/industry sectors or client-type categories explicitly named in the source code (especially, but not exclusively, under headings like \u201cIndustries,\u201d \u201cPractices & Industries,\u201d or in /industries/ links). Include items like \u201cSports,\u201d \u201cHealthcare & Life Sciences,\u201d \u201cTechnology,\u201d \u201cInfrastructure,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity,\u201d etc. EXCLUDE practice areas, services, or deal/matter types (e.g., \u201cMergers & Acquisitions,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity M&A,\u201d \u201cacquisitions,\u201d \u201cinvestments,\u201d \u201cdivestitures,\u201d \u201cjoint ventures,\u201d \u201cfinancing,\u201d \u201crestructurings\u201d). Return a deduplicated array of industry/client-type names as written. If none are explicitly named, return empty array.',\r\n'languages' => 'Extract the languages in which the attorney is fluent. List them as an array.',\r\n'Accolades' => 'Extract any accolades, awards, or other special recognitions this attorney has received, such as rankings in Chambers guides (like Chambers & Partners, Chambers Gobal, or Chambers Asia-Pacific), the Legal500 list, and SuperLawyers, among others. The accolades should be specific to this attorney or their work, not generalized to their practice or their firm. List these accolades as an array. If no accolades are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'pro_bono_activities' => 'Extract the attorney's pro bono, community service, and volunteer activities, as well as any non-profit, ngo, community service organizations the attorney may be involved with. If a description of the work is provided, include that. List them as an array only',\r\n'thought_leadership' => 'Extract ALL professional thought leadership attributed to this attorney in their narrative bio and in all \"Insights,\" \"Publications,\" \"Events,\" and similar sections. This includes all items with their authorship/co-authorship/speaking/hosting credit/(byline \u201cauthor,\u201d \"co-author,\" \u201cpresenter,\u201d \u201cspeaker,\u201d \u201cpanelist,\u201d \u201cwebinar,\u201d \u201cpodcast,\u201d \u201cblog,\u201d \u201carticle,\u201d \u201cpublication,\u201d \u201cchapter,\u201d \u201cCLE,\u201d etc.). This also includes any items that do not include their byline or credit, but which are implied to involve the attorney (for example, by being listed in a section on their profile for \"Insights,\" \"Podcasts,\" \"Events,\" \"Media,\" \"Thought Leadership,\" \"Webinars, etc.). If a \u201cNews\u201d or \u201cInsights\u201d section mixes third party news ABOUT this attorney, include only items implied to the attorney as creator/presenter. List each as \"Title (URL)\" when a link is present, otherwise just the title. Add base domain to relative links. Also include the publication, event/program, and date after the title if these are available. Return [] if none.'\r\n'adverse_parties' => 'Review all the source code, including the narrative bio and list of representative matters, and list EVERY identifiable and NAMED party that is adverse to this attorney\u2019s clients: litigation opponents and transaction counterparties (buyer vs seller, lender vs borrower, landlord vs tenant, licensor vs licensee, insurer vs insured, issuer vs underwriter/investor, etc.). You MUST pull from all sections in the source code - explicit lists of clients, the narrative biography, listed representative matters, or in news articles listed for this attorney, or the titles thereof. In M&A, if the attorney represented the buyer/acquirer, DO NOT list the acquired target as adverse (since it becomes the client); instead list only the selling side (seller, stockholders, founders, or divesting company). If the attorney represented the seller/target, list the buyer/acquirer. Use cues like \u201cto/with/from/against,\u201d \u201csale to/by,\u201d \u201cacquisition from/by,\u201d \u201cmerger with,\u201d \u201cfinanced by/loan to/from/credit facility with.\u201d In the attorney represented the owner or owning entity of a subsidiary/portfolio company (for example in the case of a restructuring or lending transaction), DO NOT list the subsidiary/portfolio company as adverse; Do not list governments/agencies/courts. Only include an adverse party if its name appears verbatim in the source code and clearly identifies a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). If the text does not contain the adverse party's name, do not include it. Output a deduplicated array of exact names; omit unnamed parties and never guess.'\r\n 'affinity_groups' => 'Extract ALL affinity/identity-based organizations the attorney is affiliated with on the page, even if under generic headings like \u201cAssociations,\u201d \u201cMemberships,\u201d \u201cAffiliations,\u201d \u201cCommunities,\u201d or \u201cOrganizations.\u201d Check all sections of the source code. Include all bar or professional association whose name signals an identity/affinity or civil-rights focus (e.g., words like Black/African-American/AAPI/Asian/South Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic/Latino/Native/Indigenous/LGBT/LGBTQ/Queer/Women/Gender/Disability/Veteran/Jewish/Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Sikh/Interfaith/Civil Rights/Minority/Diversity/Inclusion). Exclude purely general trade/professional groups without such identity focus. Return a deduplicated array of exact organization names; if none, return empty array.'"]}


[System] Extract the following details from the provided HTML source code. Return only a valid JSON object. Do not include any other text.

[User]
{"html":" Skip to content

Home

People

Home

People

James Buckley

 James Buckley
 Legal Director UK +44 161 831 8070 +44 7785 973972 jamesbuckley@eversheds-sutherland.com
Connect with James Buckley:

Languages: French, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese
  FacebookLinkedIn Email James is a Legal Director in our Employment, Labor and Pensions Group, bringing a valuable combination of private practice, Big Four consultancy, and in-house experience gained through a number of client secondments.
James advises organisations on a broad range of employment law matters, with a particular focus on workforce sustainability. His expertise includes pay transparency, mandatory workforce reporting and modern slavery compliance, helping clients navigate evolving regulatory and governance expectations. He also supports businesses across a range of sectors, from listed companies to SMEs, on pay governance, organisational change and restructuring, TUPE, and complex employment litigation.
\n
Drawing on his experience working alongside clients in-house, James is known for providing commercially focused, pragmatic advice that aligns legal solutions with broader business objectives.
\n
Outside of work, James enjoys spending time with his family and pursuing his passion for travel, sport, running and hiking.

Latest Insights

 legal updates UK Supply chain transparency: New modern slavery duties and penalties

 Tabs Label<select><option>Insights</option></select>
legal updates

July 23, 2026

UK Supply chain transparency: New modern slavery duties and penalties

\n
BA (Hons) French, University of Nottingham, 2000-2004
\n
Graduate Diploma in Law / Legal Practice Course, BPP Law School, Manchester, 2006-2008
\n

Services

Employment, Labor and Pensions

Business Topics

ESG - Environmental, Social and Governance

 James Buckley

Legal Director
 +44 161 831 8070 +44 7785 973972
 James Buckley

Legal Director

Email

 Submit \n","instructions":["'first_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s first name.',\r\n'middle_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s middle name or middle initial, as it is presented. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'surname' => 'Extract the attorney\u2019s last name or family name',\r\n'email' => 'Extract a valid email address for the profiled attorney. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'title' => 'Extract the profiled attorney\\'s job title. Ensure it is properly capitalized. Title's are often listed independently near the top of the attorney's profile, but if not there, pull from elsewhere, including the biography text. The attorney can have multiple titles, in which case list them all as an array. If no title is found, return an empty array.',\r\n'location' => 'Extract the office name or city name in which this attorney works, as it is listed. The attorney may work out of two offices, in which case both should be listed. List them as an array. Do not include prior locations that may be mentioned as where the attorney may have worked in the past.',\r\n'direct_phone_no_1' => 'Extract the direct office phone number listed for this attorney. If multiple phone numbers are listed, select the one that is their direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number. If the attorney works out of two offices and has a direct line for each office, list the first here. If a direct line is unavailable, but a main or central office number is listed with an extension, list that number followed by EXT and the extension number',\r\n'direct_phone_no_2' => 'Extract the second direct office phone number listed for this attorney, if it exists. If multiple direct phone numbers are listed because the attorney works out of two office, select the second number \u2013 not the one listed in the prior item. Select only a number that is the attorney\u2019s direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number.',\r\n'image_url' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s image file',\r\n'linkedIn' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s LinkedIn profile, if it is listed. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'narrative_description' => 'Extract and combine all sections that provide a narrative overview of the attorney\u2019s biography and general work experience. Do not paraphrase, summarize, or omit information. Include the Biography/Bio section(s) and also include any Experience section that contains narrative descriptions of work (including sections structured as practice-area headings followed by descriptive paragraphs, e.g., \"Aging Services\" + paragraph text, \"Dental\" + paragraph text, etc.). Preserve headings and the order of content as it appears; you may convert embedded highlights into bullet points only if it helps preserve (not reduce) the information. EXCLUDE: any section (or subsection) that exclusively lists specific representative matters / representative experience items (typically a list of discrete matters, case captions like \"X v. Y\", deal/transaction bullet points, dated entries, courts/dockets, or similar itemized matter lists). If an Experience (or other) section contains BOTH narrative description AND a separate list of specific matters, include the narrative paragraphs/headings but omit the itemized matter list. Return the combined narrative text only. If no narrative bio or general-experience narrative exists, return an empty string.',\r\n'representative_matters' => 'Extract ALL representative matters (such as litigation cases, verdicts, transactions, or deals) that are listed as well any available descriptions of them, in both specified lists of representative matters, experience, and work highlights, as well as in the biographical text and list of news articles. If news articles for this attorney identify cases or transactions that can be inferred to be the work product of this attorney, include those matters as well. List the representative matters and their available descriptions as an array. Only pull from the text and do not paraphrase or make anything up. If no representative matters are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'news' => 'Extract news items ABOUT this attorney (not authored by them): e.g., firm/industry press releases, announcements, awards, rankings, deal/case results naming them, media coverage quoting or profiling them. List each item as \"Title (URL)\". If a \u201cNews\u201d section mixes authored content, include ONLY items that are clearly about the attorney or the firm, not implied to be authored by the attorney. Add base domain to relative links. Return an empty array [] if none.',\r\n'practice_areas' => 'Extract all the practice areas (aka departments, specialties, capabilities, services areas, areas of focus, etc.), if any, that are listed as ones that this attorney specializes in. Return them as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school' => 'Extract the law school attorney attended. This is for their primary law degree, usually a JD, LLB, or, in the absence of those, the earliest LLM listed or the institution where they received an undergraduate law degree. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which the attorney received their degree from the law school above (what year did they graduate?) If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_honors' => 'Extract all honors this attorney received in or during law school. You must review all education and credentials sections that list their law degree AND ALSO the narrative bio, as well as all other sectiosn. These honors include: latin honors (cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude); school specific honors (e.g. James Kent Scholars at Columbia Law); regular honors designations (e.g. Dean\u2019s List, High Honors, etc.); Order of the Coif; course prizes (such as book awards, CALI Awards, American Jurisprudence Awards, or course awards); membership in phi kappa phi; scholarships and fellowships; moot court awards; trial advocacy awards; best oralis; brief-writing honors or other writing honors; pro bono or service distinctions; commencement prizes and medals; or other types of academic law school honors (but list them specifically - do not list them as \"other honors\". Return this entire extracted list of specific honors as an array. If no honors are found, return an empty array.',   \r\n'law_journals' =>' Extract any law reviews or law journals listed for the attorney's time in law school. Also list if the attorney had any titles in such law reviews or journals, like Articles Editor for example. Return this entire extracted list of law reviews and journals, and associated titles, as an array. If no law reviews or journals are found, return an empty array.'\r\n'undergraduate_school' => 'Extract the attorney\\'s undergraduate degree-granting school, college, university, or institution. This is probably the institution from where they received a bachelors degree. If their undergraduate degree was an LLB listed for their law school above, return an empty string. If no undergraduate schools are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which attorney received their undergraduate degree from the undergraduate school above. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_specialty' => 'Extract the specialties or majors that are listed for the undergraduate degree (e.g. economics, computer science, etc.) This does not include degree type, like B.S., Bachelor of Arts or Science degree, etc. List the specialties or majors as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_school' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, Extract the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_subject' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, list the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Masters_degree_school' => 'If this attorney has a masters degree, extract the educational institution from which they received it. But do not list schools from which the attorney received an LL.M. degree or a masters in law. If no masters degree schools are found, return an empty string. ',\r\n'Masters_degree_subject' => 'If the attorney has a masters degree, extract the subject or area of study of the masters. The subject area may be in the degree itself, such as an M.Div, which is a masters in Divinity. But do not include subjects for LL.M. degrees or masters in law degrees. DO NOT include honors or latin honors (e.g. cum laude, summa cum laude) in your answer. List subjects as array. If no masters degree subjects are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MBA_School' => 'If the attorney has a Masters in Business Administration, extract the name of the business school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MD_school' => 'If the attorney has an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathy) degree, extract the name of the medical school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'llm_in_tax_law_school' =>  'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, specializing in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Other_LLM_school' => 'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, but not one that specializes in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'bar_and_court_admissions' => 'Extract EVERY explicit admission to practice (bar + court/agency) anywhere in the page. Include bar jurisdictions (states/provinces/territories/countries) and court/agency admissions (e.g., U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals with circuit, District/Bankruptcy/Tax/Federal Claims courts with district, USPTO, tribal/military/foreign courts). For UK attorneys, specify whether they are a solicitor, barrister, advocate, or any combination if available; for Canada, specify the province or territory; for Australia, specify the state or territory and whether they are admitted as a solicitor or barrister. Pull items under headings like \u201cAdmissions,\u201d \u201cBar Admissions,\u201d \u201cCourt Admissions,\u201d or similar, and treat each
 or clearly separated entry as one item. Do not infer from memberships/education. Exclude governments as parties, and strip years and dates. Output a deduplicated array of exact admission strings; if none, return []. ',\r\n'Clerkships' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, DO NOT include it in your answer. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Clerkships_with_judge' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, include it in parentheses after the court name, and if no judge is named, return only the court. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that lack judge names or that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Memberships' => 'Extract any organizations the attorney a member of. List them as an array, with the attorney's role if available. If no memberships or organizations are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'clients' => 'Extract the attorney's clients that are explicitly NAMED in the source code. You MUST review EVERY section (including explicit client lists, narrative biography, representative matters, experience, and news articles/titles) and then MERGE the results; do not stop after finding clients in any one section. If a list of representative matters or experience is present, extract NAMED clients from this list, and ignore any clients who are described in the list but who are not explicitly named in the list. Only include a client from the list of representative matters/experience or any other section if its name appears verbatim in the list and if the list clearly identifies the client as a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). As an overarching rule, if the client is not identified by a proper name, do not include it. When pulling clients from lists of representative matters/experience and news articles, include clients which are named and which are implied to be represented by this attorney, their team or firm, and exclude parties adverse to such clients, opposing such clients, or on the other side of a case, deal or transaction from such clients. For example, if the representative matter/experience or news article's title mentions a lending transaction with both the lender and borrower, and the attorney or their team or firm represented the lender, do not list the borrower. If a litigation case is listed, do not assume that the lawyer represented the plaintiff. Use context or other language in the text to determine which party was represented by the attorney. If a matter lists the government as one party, assume the attorney represented the other named party and include that party if it is specifically named and not anonymous. As another example, if the representative matter/experience is a litigation case, and it is written that the attorney represented the defense (or \"defended\" his client), extract the defendant named in the case title. List all named clients as a deduplicated array of NAMES copied directly from the source text. Omit unnamed parties and anonymous parties and never guess identities. If no named clients are explicitly named anywhere in the source code, return an empty string.',\r\n'industries' => 'Extract ONLY industries/industry sectors or client-type categories explicitly named in the source code (especially, but not exclusively, under headings like \u201cIndustries,\u201d \u201cPractices & Industries,\u201d or in /industries/ links). Include items like \u201cSports,\u201d \u201cHealthcare & Life Sciences,\u201d \u201cTechnology,\u201d \u201cInfrastructure,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity,\u201d etc. EXCLUDE practice areas, services, or deal/matter types (e.g., \u201cMergers & Acquisitions,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity M&A,\u201d \u201cacquisitions,\u201d \u201cinvestments,\u201d \u201cdivestitures,\u201d \u201cjoint ventures,\u201d \u201cfinancing,\u201d \u201crestructurings\u201d). Return a deduplicated array of industry/client-type names as written. If none are explicitly named, return empty array.',\r\n'languages' => 'Extract the languages in which the attorney is fluent. List them as an array.',\r\n'Accolades' => 'Extract any accolades, awards, or other special recognitions this attorney has received, such as rankings in Chambers guides (like Chambers & Partners, Chambers Gobal, or Chambers Asia-Pacific), the Legal500 list, and SuperLawyers, among others. The accolades should be specific to this attorney or their work, not generalized to their practice or their firm. List these accolades as an array. If no accolades are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'pro_bono_activities' => 'Extract the attorney's pro bono, community service, and volunteer activities, as well as any non-profit, ngo, community service organizations the attorney may be involved with. If a description of the work is provided, include that. List them as an array only',\r\n'thought_leadership' => 'Extract ALL professional thought leadership attributed to this attorney in their narrative bio and in all \"Insights,\" \"Publications,\" \"Events,\" and similar sections. This includes all items with their authorship/co-authorship/speaking/hosting credit/(byline \u201cauthor,\u201d \"co-author,\" \u201cpresenter,\u201d \u201cspeaker,\u201d \u201cpanelist,\u201d \u201cwebinar,\u201d \u201cpodcast,\u201d \u201cblog,\u201d \u201carticle,\u201d \u201cpublication,\u201d \u201cchapter,\u201d \u201cCLE,\u201d etc.). This also includes any items that do not include their byline or credit, but which are implied to involve the attorney (for example, by being listed in a section on their profile for \"Insights,\" \"Podcasts,\" \"Events,\" \"Media,\" \"Thought Leadership,\" \"Webinars, etc.). If a \u201cNews\u201d or \u201cInsights\u201d section mixes third party news ABOUT this attorney, include only items implied to the attorney as creator/presenter. List each as \"Title (URL)\" when a link is present, otherwise just the title. Add base domain to relative links. Also include the publication, event/program, and date after the title if these are available. Return [] if none.'\r\n'adverse_parties' => 'Review all the source code, including the narrative bio and list of representative matters, and list EVERY identifiable and NAMED party that is adverse to this attorney\u2019s clients: litigation opponents and transaction counterparties (buyer vs seller, lender vs borrower, landlord vs tenant, licensor vs licensee, insurer vs insured, issuer vs underwriter/investor, etc.). You MUST pull from all sections in the source code - explicit lists of clients, the narrative biography, listed representative matters, or in news articles listed for this attorney, or the titles thereof. In M&A, if the attorney represented the buyer/acquirer, DO NOT list the acquired target as adverse (since it becomes the client); instead list only the selling side (seller, stockholders, founders, or divesting company). If the attorney represented the seller/target, list the buyer/acquirer. Use cues like \u201cto/with/from/against,\u201d \u201csale to/by,\u201d \u201cacquisition from/by,\u201d \u201cmerger with,\u201d \u201cfinanced by/loan to/from/credit facility with.\u201d In the attorney represented the owner or owning entity of a subsidiary/portfolio company (for example in the case of a restructuring or lending transaction), DO NOT list the subsidiary/portfolio company as adverse; Do not list governments/agencies/courts. Only include an adverse party if its name appears verbatim in the source code and clearly identifies a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). If the text does not contain the adverse party's name, do not include it. Output a deduplicated array of exact names; omit unnamed parties and never guess.'\r\n 'affinity_groups' => 'Extract ALL affinity/identity-based organizations the attorney is affiliated with on the page, even if under generic headings like \u201cAssociations,\u201d \u201cMemberships,\u201d \u201cAffiliations,\u201d \u201cCommunities,\u201d or \u201cOrganizations.\u201d Check all sections of the source code. Include all bar or professional association whose name signals an identity/affinity or civil-rights focus (e.g., words like Black/African-American/AAPI/Asian/South Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic/Latino/Native/Indigenous/LGBT/LGBTQ/Queer/Women/Gender/Disability/Veteran/Jewish/Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Sikh/Interfaith/Civil Rights/Minority/Diversity/Inclusion). Exclude purely general trade/professional groups without such identity focus. Return a deduplicated array of exact organization names; if none, return empty array.'"]}


[System] Extract the following details from the provided HTML source code. Return only a valid JSON object. Do not include any other text.

[User]
{"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n

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Our Firm

Our People

Attorneys

Support Staff

Of Counsel Collaboration

Our Practice

Careers

Our Firm

Our People

Attorneys

Support Staff

Of Counsel Collaboration

Our Practice

Careers

Headlines

Locations

What Sets Us Apart

National Coordinating Counsel Program

Diversity

Community Involvement

The Overcomer Foundation

Vista Village

   Search

Our Firm

Our People

Attorneys

Support Staff

Of Counsel Collaboration

Our Practice

Our Locations

Headlines

Careers

What Sets Us Apart

National Coordinating Counsel Program

Diversity

Community Involvement

The Overcomer Foundation

Vista Village

   Search

Our Firm

Our People

Attorneys

Support Staff

Of Counsel Collaboration

Our Practice

Our Locations

Headlines

Careers

What Sets Us Apart

National Coordinating Counsel Program

Diversity

Community Involvement

The Overcomer Foundation

Vista Village

   Search

Christine Santoni

Partner

csantoni@perez-morris.com
O | (216) 621-5161

1300 E. 9th Street
Suite 1600
Cleveland, OH 44114
   Linkedin
Christine Santoni

Partner

csantoni@perez-morris.com
O | (216) 621-5161

1300 E. 9th Street
Suite 1600
Cleveland, OH 44114
   Linkedin
Practice

Medical Malpractice and Healthcare Professional Liability

Pharmacy Liability

Healthcare

Long-Term Care Liability

Education

Cleveland-Marshall College of Law, Juris Doctor, cum laude, 1993

Loyola University of New Orleans, Bachelor of Arts, cum laude, 1989

Admissions

Ohio

An established trial attorney, Christine Santoni has successfully tried numerous complex cases over the years. She focuses her practice on medical malpractice matters including the defense of physicians, hospitals, pharmacists and other health care professionals.

Christine has tried over 65 jury trials and is a Fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers, widely recognized as one of the premier legal associations in North America. She is a frequent speaker on trial skills and litigation topics, as well as medical malpractice and professional liability matters.

Christine has been honored by her peers as a leading attorney for Medical Malpractice-Defendants by The Best Lawyers in America\u00ae since 2001, as well as a Super Lawyer since 2016 by Ohio Super Lawyers Magazine. She has been recognized by Crain\u2019s Cleveland \u201cNotable Women in Law\u201d series and was honored as a \u201cWoman of Professional Excellence\u201d by the YWCA of Greater Cleveland.

Memberships & Affiliations

American Board of Trial Advocates

Ohio State Bar Association

Ohio Women\u2019s Bar Association

Chair, Judicial Selection Committee

Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association

Executive Committee Member, Judicial Candidates Rating Coalition, \u201cJudge 4 Yourself\u201d

Fellow

Cleveland-Marshall Law Review, Managing Editor, 1993

American College of Trial Lawyers, Fellow

Presentations

Preparing for Voir Dire, National Business Institute CLE Seminar, November 20, 2014

Daubert Challenges and the Admissibility of Expert Testimony, American Board of Trial Advocates, Master in Trial Seminar, September 20, 2013

Social Media Exposures in the Workplace, Signature Health, Inc. In-House Seminar, March 20, 2012

Presenting Expert Witness Testimony in Court, Federal Bar Association, August 24, 2011

Capacity and Competency in Elder Law, Cleveland Marshall Law Alumnae Association, February 26, 2011

Will Contests, Gilbride Insurance Consultants CLE Seminar, November 11, 2010

Opening Statements In Trial \u2013 2010 Trial Advocacy Institute, Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association & National Institute Of Trial Advocacy (NITA), October 1, 2010

Adult Adoption and Beneficiary Status, the Current State of Ohio Law, American College of Trust and Estate Counsel, April 24, 2010

The Tale of Charitable Contribution in Today\u2019s Economic Times, Great Lakes Higher Education Symposium, Case Western Reserve University, February 3, 2010

Twittering, Friending, Linking and Blogging: the Legal Implications, November 17, 2009

Resolving Estate, Will and Trust Contests, May 6, 2009

Probate Litigation Issues, Cleveland Marshall Law Alumni Association CLE, February 23, 2008

The Physician\u2019s Response to DNR Orders, Holzer Medical Center, October 12, 2007

Proving Damages, Ohio State Bar Association CLE Seminar, October 11, 2007

Publications

DNR under Ohio Law, Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association Bar Journal Vol. 5, No. 8, March 2013

Female Perspective in a Woman Friendly Firm, The Gavel Cleveland State University College of Law \u2013 Winter 2013 Edition, March 8, 2013

Published Opinions

Briggs v. Turoczi, 2022 Ohio 4042 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022

Lowder v. Kantak, 2018 Ohio 3470 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018)

Beard v. St. Vincent Charity Hosp., 97 N.E.3d 811, 2017 Ohio 7608 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017)

Higgins v. Ranasinghe, 2014 Ohio 4674 (Ohio Ct. App. 2014)

Graf v. Cirino, 2011 Ohio 3473 (Ohio Ct. App. 2011)

Awards & Recognitions

The Best Lawyers in America\u00ae, 2011-present

The Best Lawyers in America\u00ae, Lawyer of the Year, Medical Malpractice Law \u2013 Defendants, 2024

\u201cWoman of Professional Excellence\u201d Award, YWCA of Greater Cleveland, 2017

Ohio Super Lawyers Magazine, Super Lawyer, 2016 \u2013 present

Ohio Super Lawyer, Top 25 Women Lawyers Cleveland

Ohio Super Lawyer, Top 50 Women Lawyers Ohio

Crain\u2019s Cleveland, Notable Women in Law, 2018

Board Positions & Community Service

YWCA of Greater Cleveland, Board of Directors

Practice

Medical Malpractice and Healthcare Professional Liability

Pharmacy Liability

Healthcare

Long-Term Care Liability

Education

Cleveland-Marshall College of Law, Juris Doctor, cum laude, 1993

Loyola University of New Orleans, Bachelor of Arts, cum laude, 1989

Admissions

Ohio

An established trial attorney, Christine Santoni has successfully tried numerous complex cases over the years. She focuses her practice on medical malpractice matters including the defense of physicians, hospitals, pharmacists and other health care professionals.

Christine has tried over 65 jury trials and is a Fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers, widely recognized as one of the premier legal associations in North America. She is a frequent speaker on trial skills and litigation topics, as well as medical malpractice and professional liability matters.

Christine has been honored by her peers as a leading attorney for Medical Malpractice-Defendants by The Best Lawyers in America\u00ae since 2001, as well as a Super Lawyer since 2016 by Ohio Super Lawyers Magazine. She has been recognized by Crain\u2019s Cleveland \u201cNotable Women in Law\u201d series and was honored as a \u201cWoman of Professional Excellence\u201d by the YWCA of Greater Cleveland.

Memberships & Affiliations

American Board of Trial Advocates

Ohio State Bar Association

Ohio Women\u2019s Bar Association

Chair, Judicial Selection Committee

Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association

Executive Committee Member, Judicial Candidates Rating Coalition, \u201cJudge 4 Yourself\u201d

Fellow

Cleveland-Marshall Law Review, Managing Editor, 1993

American College of Trial Lawyers, Fellow

Presentations

Preparing for Voir Dire, National Business Institute CLE Seminar, November 20, 2014

Daubert Challenges and the Admissibility of Expert Testimony, American Board of Trial Advocates, Master in Trial Seminar, September 20, 2013

Social Media Exposures in the Workplace, Signature Health, Inc. In-House Seminar, March 20, 2012

Presenting Expert Witness Testimony in Court, Federal Bar Association, August 24, 2011

Capacity and Competency in Elder Law, Cleveland Marshall Law Alumnae Association, February 26, 2011

Will Contests, Gilbride Insurance Consultants CLE Seminar, November 11, 2010

Opening Statements In Trial \u2013 2010 Trial Advocacy Institute, Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association & National Institute Of Trial Advocacy (NITA), October 1, 2010

Adult Adoption and Beneficiary Status, the Current State of Ohio Law, American College of Trust and Estate Counsel, April 24, 2010

The Tale of Charitable Contribution in Today\u2019s Economic Times, Great Lakes Higher Education Symposium, Case Western Reserve University, February 3, 2010

Twittering, Friending, Linking and Blogging: the Legal Implications, November 17, 2009

Resolving Estate, Will and Trust Contests, May 6, 2009

Probate Litigation Issues, Cleveland Marshall Law Alumni Association CLE, February 23, 2008

The Physician\u2019s Response to DNR Orders, Holzer Medical Center, October 12, 2007

Proving Damages, Ohio State Bar Association CLE Seminar, October 11, 2007

Publications

DNR under Ohio Law, Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association Bar Journal Vol. 5, No. 8, March 2013

Female Perspective in a Woman Friendly Firm, The Gavel Cleveland State University College of Law \u2013 Winter 2013 Edition, March 8, 2013

Published Opinions

Briggs v. Turoczi, 2022 Ohio 4042 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022

Lowder v. Kantak, 2018 Ohio 3470 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018)

Beard v. St. Vincent Charity Hosp., 97 N.E.3d 811, 2017 Ohio 7608 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017)

Higgins v. Ranasinghe, 2014 Ohio 4674 (Ohio Ct. App. 2014)

Graf v. Cirino, 2011 Ohio 3473 (Ohio Ct. App. 2011)

Awards & Recognitions

The Best Lawyers in America\u00ae, 2011-present

The Best Lawyers in America\u00ae, Lawyer of the Year, Medical Malpractice Law \u2013 Defendants, 2024

\u201cWoman of Professional Excellence\u201d Award, YWCA of Greater Cleveland, 2017

Ohio Super Lawyers Magazine, Super Lawyer, 2016 \u2013 present

Ohio Super Lawyer, Top 25 Women Lawyers Cleveland

Ohio Super Lawyer, Top 50 Women Lawyers Ohio

Crain\u2019s Cleveland, Notable Women in Law, 2018

Board Positions & Community Service

YWCA of Greater Cleveland, Board of Directors

Christine's

Headlines

  18 Perez Morris Attorneys Named to 2027 Ohio Super Lawyers and Rising Stars Lists
  July 20, 2026

  Christine Santoni Named to the 2026 Top 50: Women Ohio Super Lawyers List
  January 9, 2026

  18 Perez Morris attorneys named to 2026 Ohio Super Lawyers and Rising Stars
  December 16, 2025

  27 Perez Morris Attorneys Named in the 2026 Edition of The Best Lawyers In America\u00ae
  August 21, 2025

Office Locations

Columbus, OH
445 Hutchinson Ave.
Suite 600
Columbus, Ohio 43235
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Cleveland, OH
1300 East Ninth Street
Suite 1600
Cleveland, OH 44114
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Toledo, OH
701 Jefferson Ave.
3rd Floor
Toledo, OH 43604
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Philadelphia, PA
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Suite 1050
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
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Market Presence

Boston, MA
101 Arch St.
8th Floor
Boston, MA 02110
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Hartford, CT
100 Pearl Street
14th Floor Office 1459
Hartford, CT 06103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
New York, NY
140 Broadway
46th Floor
New York, NY 10005
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Pittsburgh, PA
301 Grant St.
Suite 270
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Princeton, NJ
103 Carnegie Center
Suite 300
Princeton, NJ 08540
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope      Facebook-f     Linkedin-in     X-twitter   <search><form> Search Search </form> </search>
Office Locations

Columbus, OH
445 Hutchinson Ave.
Suite 600
Columbus, Ohio 43235
Phone: (855) 580-7530
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Cleveland, OH
1300 East Ninth Street
Suite 1600
Cleveland, OH 44114
Phone: (855) 580-7530
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Toledo, OH
701 Jefferson Ave.
3rd Floor
Toledo, OH 43604
Phone: (855) 580-7530
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Philadelphia, PA
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Suite 1050
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
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Market Presence

Boston, MA
101 Arch St.
8th Floor
Boston, MA 02110
Phone: (855) 580-7530
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Hartford, CT
100 Pearl Street
14th Floor Office 1459
Hartford, CT 06103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
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New York, NY
140 Broadway
46th Floor
New York, NY 10005
Phone: (855) 580-7530
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Pittsburgh, PA
301 Grant St.
Suite 270
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Phone: (855) 580-7530
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Princeton, NJ
103 Carnegie Center
Suite 300
Princeton, NJ 08540
Phone: (855) 580-7530
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Office Locations

Columbus, OH
445 Hutchinson Ave.
Suite 600
Columbus, Ohio 43235
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Cleveland, OH
1300 East Ninth Street
Suite 1600
Cleveland, OH 44114
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Toledo, OH
701 Jefferson Ave.
3rd Floor
Toledo, OH 43604
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Philadelphia, PA
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Suite 1050
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope     Envelope
Market Presence

Boston, MA
101 Arch St.
8th Floor
Boston, MA 02110
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Hartford, CT
100 Pearl Street
14th Floor Office 1459
Hartford, CT 06103
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
New York, NY
140 Broadway
46th Floor
New York, NY 10005
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Pittsburgh, PA
301 Grant St.
Suite 270
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
Princeton, NJ
103 Carnegie Center
Suite 300
Princeton, NJ 08540
Phone: (855) 580-7530
   Envelope
\u00a92026 Perez Morris | All rights reserved

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     Scroll to Top \n","instructions":["'first_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s first name.',\r\n'middle_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s middle name or middle initial, as it is presented. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'surname' => 'Extract the attorney\u2019s last name or family name',\r\n'email' => 'Extract a valid email address for the profiled attorney. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'title' => 'Extract the profiled attorney\\'s job title. Ensure it is properly capitalized. Title's are often listed independently near the top of the attorney's profile, but if not there, pull from elsewhere, including the biography text. The attorney can have multiple titles, in which case list them all as an array. If no title is found, return an empty array.',\r\n'location' => 'Extract the office name or city name in which this attorney works, as it is listed. The attorney may work out of two offices, in which case both should be listed. List them as an array. Do not include prior locations that may be mentioned as where the attorney may have worked in the past.',\r\n'direct_phone_no_1' => 'Extract the direct office phone number listed for this attorney. If multiple phone numbers are listed, select the one that is their direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number. If the attorney works out of two offices and has a direct line for each office, list the first here. If a direct line is unavailable, but a main or central office number is listed with an extension, list that number followed by EXT and the extension number',\r\n'direct_phone_no_2' => 'Extract the second direct office phone number listed for this attorney, if it exists. If multiple direct phone numbers are listed because the attorney works out of two office, select the second number \u2013 not the one listed in the prior item. Select only a number that is the attorney\u2019s direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number.',\r\n'image_url' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s image file',\r\n'linkedIn' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s LinkedIn profile, if it is listed. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'narrative_description' => 'Extract and combine all sections that provide a narrative overview of the attorney\u2019s biography and general work experience. Do not paraphrase, summarize, or omit information. Include the Biography/Bio section(s) and also include any Experience section that contains narrative descriptions of work (including sections structured as practice-area headings followed by descriptive paragraphs, e.g., \"Aging Services\" + paragraph text, \"Dental\" + paragraph text, etc.). Preserve headings and the order of content as it appears; you may convert embedded highlights into bullet points only if it helps preserve (not reduce) the information. EXCLUDE: any section (or subsection) that exclusively lists specific representative matters / representative experience items (typically a list of discrete matters, case captions like \"X v. Y\", deal/transaction bullet points, dated entries, courts/dockets, or similar itemized matter lists). If an Experience (or other) section contains BOTH narrative description AND a separate list of specific matters, include the narrative paragraphs/headings but omit the itemized matter list. Return the combined narrative text only. If no narrative bio or general-experience narrative exists, return an empty string.',\r\n'representative_matters' => 'Extract ALL representative matters (such as litigation cases, verdicts, transactions, or deals) that are listed as well any available descriptions of them, in both specified lists of representative matters, experience, and work highlights, as well as in the biographical text and list of news articles. If news articles for this attorney identify cases or transactions that can be inferred to be the work product of this attorney, include those matters as well. List the representative matters and their available descriptions as an array. Only pull from the text and do not paraphrase or make anything up. If no representative matters are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'news' => 'Extract news items ABOUT this attorney (not authored by them): e.g., firm/industry press releases, announcements, awards, rankings, deal/case results naming them, media coverage quoting or profiling them. List each item as \"Title (URL)\". If a \u201cNews\u201d section mixes authored content, include ONLY items that are clearly about the attorney or the firm, not implied to be authored by the attorney. Add base domain to relative links. Return an empty array [] if none.',\r\n'practice_areas' => 'Extract all the practice areas (aka departments, specialties, capabilities, services areas, areas of focus, etc.), if any, that are listed as ones that this attorney specializes in. Return them as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school' => 'Extract the law school attorney attended. This is for their primary law degree, usually a JD, LLB, or, in the absence of those, the earliest LLM listed or the institution where they received an undergraduate law degree. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which the attorney received their degree from the law school above (what year did they graduate?) If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_honors' => 'Extract all honors this attorney received in or during law school. You must review all education and credentials sections that list their law degree AND ALSO the narrative bio, as well as all other sectiosn. These honors include: latin honors (cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude); school specific honors (e.g. James Kent Scholars at Columbia Law); regular honors designations (e.g. Dean\u2019s List, High Honors, etc.); Order of the Coif; course prizes (such as book awards, CALI Awards, American Jurisprudence Awards, or course awards); membership in phi kappa phi; scholarships and fellowships; moot court awards; trial advocacy awards; best oralis; brief-writing honors or other writing honors; pro bono or service distinctions; commencement prizes and medals; or other types of academic law school honors (but list them specifically - do not list them as \"other honors\". Return this entire extracted list of specific honors as an array. If no honors are found, return an empty array.',   \r\n'law_journals' =>' Extract any law reviews or law journals listed for the attorney's time in law school. Also list if the attorney had any titles in such law reviews or journals, like Articles Editor for example. Return this entire extracted list of law reviews and journals, and associated titles, as an array. If no law reviews or journals are found, return an empty array.'\r\n'undergraduate_school' => 'Extract the attorney\\'s undergraduate degree-granting school, college, university, or institution. This is probably the institution from where they received a bachelors degree. If their undergraduate degree was an LLB listed for their law school above, return an empty string. If no undergraduate schools are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which attorney received their undergraduate degree from the undergraduate school above. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_specialty' => 'Extract the specialties or majors that are listed for the undergraduate degree (e.g. economics, computer science, etc.) This does not include degree type, like B.S., Bachelor of Arts or Science degree, etc. List the specialties or majors as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_school' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, Extract the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_subject' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, list the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Masters_degree_school' => 'If this attorney has a masters degree, extract the educational institution from which they received it. But do not list schools from which the attorney received an LL.M. degree or a masters in law. If no masters degree schools are found, return an empty string. ',\r\n'Masters_degree_subject' => 'If the attorney has a masters degree, extract the subject or area of study of the masters. The subject area may be in the degree itself, such as an M.Div, which is a masters in Divinity. But do not include subjects for LL.M. degrees or masters in law degrees. DO NOT include honors or latin honors (e.g. cum laude, summa cum laude) in your answer. List subjects as array. If no masters degree subjects are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MBA_School' => 'If the attorney has a Masters in Business Administration, extract the name of the business school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MD_school' => 'If the attorney has an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathy) degree, extract the name of the medical school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'llm_in_tax_law_school' =>  'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, specializing in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Other_LLM_school' => 'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, but not one that specializes in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'bar_and_court_admissions' => 'Extract EVERY explicit admission to practice (bar + court/agency) anywhere in the page. Include bar jurisdictions (states/provinces/territories/countries) and court/agency admissions (e.g., U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals with circuit, District/Bankruptcy/Tax/Federal Claims courts with district, USPTO, tribal/military/foreign courts). For UK attorneys, specify whether they are a solicitor, barrister, advocate, or any combination if available; for Canada, specify the province or territory; for Australia, specify the state or territory and whether they are admitted as a solicitor or barrister. Pull items under headings like \u201cAdmissions,\u201d \u201cBar Admissions,\u201d \u201cCourt Admissions,\u201d or similar, and treat each
 or clearly separated entry as one item. Do not infer from memberships/education. Exclude governments as parties, and strip years and dates. Output a deduplicated array of exact admission strings; if none, return []. ',\r\n'Clerkships' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, DO NOT include it in your answer. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Clerkships_with_judge' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, include it in parentheses after the court name, and if no judge is named, return only the court. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that lack judge names or that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Memberships' => 'Extract any organizations the attorney a member of. List them as an array, with the attorney's role if available. If no memberships or organizations are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'clients' => 'Extract the attorney's clients that are explicitly NAMED in the source code. You MUST review EVERY section (including explicit client lists, narrative biography, representative matters, experience, and news articles/titles) and then MERGE the results; do not stop after finding clients in any one section. If a list of representative matters or experience is present, extract NAMED clients from this list, and ignore any clients who are described in the list but who are not explicitly named in the list. Only include a client from the list of representative matters/experience or any other section if its name appears verbatim in the list and if the list clearly identifies the client as a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). As an overarching rule, if the client is not identified by a proper name, do not include it. When pulling clients from lists of representative matters/experience and news articles, include clients which are named and which are implied to be represented by this attorney, their team or firm, and exclude parties adverse to such clients, opposing such clients, or on the other side of a case, deal or transaction from such clients. For example, if the representative matter/experience or news article's title mentions a lending transaction with both the lender and borrower, and the attorney or their team or firm represented the lender, do not list the borrower. If a litigation case is listed, do not assume that the lawyer represented the plaintiff. Use context or other language in the text to determine which party was represented by the attorney. If a matter lists the government as one party, assume the attorney represented the other named party and include that party if it is specifically named and not anonymous. As another example, if the representative matter/experience is a litigation case, and it is written that the attorney represented the defense (or \"defended\" his client), extract the defendant named in the case title. List all named clients as a deduplicated array of NAMES copied directly from the source text. Omit unnamed parties and anonymous parties and never guess identities. If no named clients are explicitly named anywhere in the source code, return an empty string.',\r\n'industries' => 'Extract ONLY industries/industry sectors or client-type categories explicitly named in the source code (especially, but not exclusively, under headings like \u201cIndustries,\u201d \u201cPractices & Industries,\u201d or in /industries/ links). Include items like \u201cSports,\u201d \u201cHealthcare & Life Sciences,\u201d \u201cTechnology,\u201d \u201cInfrastructure,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity,\u201d etc. EXCLUDE practice areas, services, or deal/matter types (e.g., \u201cMergers & Acquisitions,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity M&A,\u201d \u201cacquisitions,\u201d \u201cinvestments,\u201d \u201cdivestitures,\u201d \u201cjoint ventures,\u201d \u201cfinancing,\u201d \u201crestructurings\u201d). Return a deduplicated array of industry/client-type names as written. If none are explicitly named, return empty array.',\r\n'languages' => 'Extract the languages in which the attorney is fluent. List them as an array.',\r\n'Accolades' => 'Extract any accolades, awards, or other special recognitions this attorney has received, such as rankings in Chambers guides (like Chambers & Partners, Chambers Gobal, or Chambers Asia-Pacific), the Legal500 list, and SuperLawyers, among others. The accolades should be specific to this attorney or their work, not generalized to their practice or their firm. List these accolades as an array. If no accolades are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'pro_bono_activities' => 'Extract the attorney's pro bono, community service, and volunteer activities, as well as any non-profit, ngo, community service organizations the attorney may be involved with. If a description of the work is provided, include that. List them as an array only',\r\n'thought_leadership' => 'Extract ALL professional thought leadership attributed to this attorney in their narrative bio and in all \"Insights,\" \"Publications,\" \"Events,\" and similar sections. This includes all items with their authorship/co-authorship/speaking/hosting credit/(byline \u201cauthor,\u201d \"co-author,\" \u201cpresenter,\u201d \u201cspeaker,\u201d \u201cpanelist,\u201d \u201cwebinar,\u201d \u201cpodcast,\u201d \u201cblog,\u201d \u201carticle,\u201d \u201cpublication,\u201d \u201cchapter,\u201d \u201cCLE,\u201d etc.). This also includes any items that do not include their byline or credit, but which are implied to involve the attorney (for example, by being listed in a section on their profile for \"Insights,\" \"Podcasts,\" \"Events,\" \"Media,\" \"Thought Leadership,\" \"Webinars, etc.). If a \u201cNews\u201d or \u201cInsights\u201d section mixes third party news ABOUT this attorney, include only items implied to the attorney as creator/presenter. List each as \"Title (URL)\" when a link is present, otherwise just the title. Add base domain to relative links. Also include the publication, event/program, and date after the title if these are available. Return [] if none.'\r\n'adverse_parties' => 'Review all the source code, including the narrative bio and list of representative matters, and list EVERY identifiable and NAMED party that is adverse to this attorney\u2019s clients: litigation opponents and transaction counterparties (buyer vs seller, lender vs borrower, landlord vs tenant, licensor vs licensee, insurer vs insured, issuer vs underwriter/investor, etc.). You MUST pull from all sections in the source code - explicit lists of clients, the narrative biography, listed representative matters, or in news articles listed for this attorney, or the titles thereof. In M&A, if the attorney represented the buyer/acquirer, DO NOT list the acquired target as adverse (since it becomes the client); instead list only the selling side (seller, stockholders, founders, or divesting company). If the attorney represented the seller/target, list the buyer/acquirer. Use cues like \u201cto/with/from/against,\u201d \u201csale to/by,\u201d \u201cacquisition from/by,\u201d \u201cmerger with,\u201d \u201cfinanced by/loan to/from/credit facility with.\u201d In the attorney represented the owner or owning entity of a subsidiary/portfolio company (for example in the case of a restructuring or lending transaction), DO NOT list the subsidiary/portfolio company as adverse; Do not list governments/agencies/courts. Only include an adverse party if its name appears verbatim in the source code and clearly identifies a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). If the text does not contain the adverse party's name, do not include it. Output a deduplicated array of exact names; omit unnamed parties and never guess.'\r\n 'affinity_groups' => 'Extract ALL affinity/identity-based organizations the attorney is affiliated with on the page, even if under generic headings like \u201cAssociations,\u201d \u201cMemberships,\u201d \u201cAffiliations,\u201d \u201cCommunities,\u201d or \u201cOrganizations.\u201d Check all sections of the source code. Include all bar or professional association whose name signals an identity/affinity or civil-rights focus (e.g., words like Black/African-American/AAPI/Asian/South Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic/Latino/Native/Indigenous/LGBT/LGBTQ/Queer/Women/Gender/Disability/Veteran/Jewish/Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Sikh/Interfaith/Civil Rights/Minority/Diversity/Inclusion). Exclude purely general trade/professional groups without such identity focus. Return a deduplicated array of exact organization names; if none, return empty array.'"]}